Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.

<h4>Background</h4>Outdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) concentrations are usually lower than indoor concentrations, yet some studies have shown that outdoor SHS levels could be comparable to indoor levels under specific conditions. The main objectives of this study were to assess levels of SH...

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Autores principales: Maria J López, Esteve Fernández, Giuseppe Gorini, Hanns Moshammer, Kinga Polanska, Luke Clancy, Bertrand Dautzenberg, Agnes Delrieu, Giovanni Invernizzi, Glòria Muñoz, Jose Precioso, Ario Ruprecht, Peter Stansty, Wojciech Hanke, Manel Nebot
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Publicado: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:db89ca079a7e4ccb86a6da7b8aaa1f472021-11-18T07:10:05ZExposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0042130https://doaj.org/article/db89ca079a7e4ccb86a6da7b8aaa1f472012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22870289/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Outdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) concentrations are usually lower than indoor concentrations, yet some studies have shown that outdoor SHS levels could be comparable to indoor levels under specific conditions. The main objectives of this study were to assess levels of SHS exposure in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues and to evaluate their potential displacement to adjacent indoor areas.<h4>Methods</h4>Nicotine and respirable particles (PM2.5) were measured in outdoor and indoor areas of hospitality venues of 8 European countries. Hospitality venues of the study included night bars, restaurants and bars. The fieldwork was carried out between March 2009 and March 2011.<h4>Results</h4>We gathered 170 nicotine and 142 PM2.5 measurements during the study. The median indoor SHS concentration was significantly higher in venues where smoking was allowed (nicotine 3.69 µg/m3, PM2.5: 120.51 µg/m3) than in those where smoking was banned (nicotine: 0.48 µg/m3, PM2.5: 36.90 µg/m3). The median outdoor nicotine concentration was higher in places where indoor smoking was banned (1.56 µg/m3) than in venues where smoking was allowed (0.31 µg/m3). Among the different types of outdoor areas, the highest median outdoor SHS levels (nicotine: 4.23 µg/m3, PM2.5: 43.64 µg/m3) were found in the semi-closed outdoor areas of venues where indoor smoking was banned.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Banning indoor smoking seems to displace SHS exposure to adjacent outdoor areas. Furthermore, indoor settings where smoking is banned but which have a semi-closed outdoor area have higher levels of SHS than those with open outdoor areas, possibly indicating that SHS also drifts from outdoors to indoors. Current legislation restricting indoor SHS levels seems to be insufficient to protect hospitality workers--and patrons--from SHS exposure. Tobacco-free legislation should take these results into account and consider restrictions in the terraces of some hospitality venues to ensure effective protection.Maria J LópezEsteve FernándezGiuseppe GoriniHanns MoshammerKinga PolanskaLuke ClancyBertrand DautzenbergAgnes DelrieuGiovanni InvernizziGlòria MuñozJose PreciosoArio RuprechtPeter StanstyWojciech HankeManel NebotPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 8, p e42130 (2012)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic Medicine
R
Science
Q
spellingShingle Medicine
R
Science
Q
Maria J López
Esteve Fernández
Giuseppe Gorini
Hanns Moshammer
Kinga Polanska
Luke Clancy
Bertrand Dautzenberg
Agnes Delrieu
Giovanni Invernizzi
Glòria Muñoz
Jose Precioso
Ario Ruprecht
Peter Stansty
Wojciech Hanke
Manel Nebot
Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.
description <h4>Background</h4>Outdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) concentrations are usually lower than indoor concentrations, yet some studies have shown that outdoor SHS levels could be comparable to indoor levels under specific conditions. The main objectives of this study were to assess levels of SHS exposure in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues and to evaluate their potential displacement to adjacent indoor areas.<h4>Methods</h4>Nicotine and respirable particles (PM2.5) were measured in outdoor and indoor areas of hospitality venues of 8 European countries. Hospitality venues of the study included night bars, restaurants and bars. The fieldwork was carried out between March 2009 and March 2011.<h4>Results</h4>We gathered 170 nicotine and 142 PM2.5 measurements during the study. The median indoor SHS concentration was significantly higher in venues where smoking was allowed (nicotine 3.69 µg/m3, PM2.5: 120.51 µg/m3) than in those where smoking was banned (nicotine: 0.48 µg/m3, PM2.5: 36.90 µg/m3). The median outdoor nicotine concentration was higher in places where indoor smoking was banned (1.56 µg/m3) than in venues where smoking was allowed (0.31 µg/m3). Among the different types of outdoor areas, the highest median outdoor SHS levels (nicotine: 4.23 µg/m3, PM2.5: 43.64 µg/m3) were found in the semi-closed outdoor areas of venues where indoor smoking was banned.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Banning indoor smoking seems to displace SHS exposure to adjacent outdoor areas. Furthermore, indoor settings where smoking is banned but which have a semi-closed outdoor area have higher levels of SHS than those with open outdoor areas, possibly indicating that SHS also drifts from outdoors to indoors. Current legislation restricting indoor SHS levels seems to be insufficient to protect hospitality workers--and patrons--from SHS exposure. Tobacco-free legislation should take these results into account and consider restrictions in the terraces of some hospitality venues to ensure effective protection.
format article
author Maria J López
Esteve Fernández
Giuseppe Gorini
Hanns Moshammer
Kinga Polanska
Luke Clancy
Bertrand Dautzenberg
Agnes Delrieu
Giovanni Invernizzi
Glòria Muñoz
Jose Precioso
Ario Ruprecht
Peter Stansty
Wojciech Hanke
Manel Nebot
author_facet Maria J López
Esteve Fernández
Giuseppe Gorini
Hanns Moshammer
Kinga Polanska
Luke Clancy
Bertrand Dautzenberg
Agnes Delrieu
Giovanni Invernizzi
Glòria Muñoz
Jose Precioso
Ario Ruprecht
Peter Stansty
Wojciech Hanke
Manel Nebot
author_sort Maria J López
title Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.
title_short Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.
title_full Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.
title_fullStr Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.
title_full_unstemmed Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European countries.
title_sort exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight european countries.
publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate 2012
url https://doaj.org/article/db89ca079a7e4ccb86a6da7b8aaa1f47
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