Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene <i>HIOMT</i> Improves Salt Tolerance in <i>Malus domestica</i>

Melatonin, a widely known indoleamine molecule that mediates various animal and plant physiological processes, is formed from N-acetyl serotonin via N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT). ASMT is an enzyme that catalyzes melatonin synthesis in plants in the rate-determining step and is homologo...

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Autores principales:	Kexin Tan, Jiangzhu Zheng, Cheng Liu, Xianghan Liu, Xiaomin Liu, Tengteng Gao, Xinyang Song, Zhiwei Wei, Fengwang Ma, Chao Li
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase gene melatonin ROS ABA ion homeostasis amino acids Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dbcee07189764f94926718db615e687b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dbcee07189764f94926718db615e687b2021-11-25T17:56:32ZHeterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene <i>HIOMT</i> Improves Salt Tolerance in <i>Malus domestica</i>10.3390/ijms2222124251422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/dbcee07189764f94926718db615e687b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12425https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Melatonin, a widely known indoleamine molecule that mediates various animal and plant physiological processes, is formed from N-acetyl serotonin via N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT). ASMT is an enzyme that catalyzes melatonin synthesis in plants in the rate-determining step and is homologous to hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) melatonin synthase in animals. To date, little is known about the effect of <i>HIOMT</i> on salinity in apple plants. Here, we explored the melatonin physiological function in the salinity condition response by heterologous expressing the homologous human <i>HIOMT</i> gene in apple plants. We discovered that the expression of melatonin-related gene (<i>MdASMT</i>) in apple plants was induced by salinity. Most notably, compared with the wild type, three transgenic lines indicated higher melatonin levels, and the heterologous expression of <i>HIOMT</i> enhanced the expression of melatonin synthesis genes. The transgenic lines showed reduced salt damage symptoms, lower relative electrolyte leakage, and less total chlorophyll loss from leaves under salt stress. Meanwhile, through enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes, transgenic lines decreased the reactive oxygen species accumulation, downregulated the expression of the abscisic acid synthesis gene (<i>MdNCED3</i>), accordingly reducing the accumulation of abscisic acid under salt stress. Both mechanisms regulated morphological changes in the stomata synergistically, thereby mitigating damage to the plants’ photosynthetic ability. In addition, transgenic plants also effectively stabilized their ion balance, raised the expression of salt stress–related genes, as well as alleviated osmotic stress through changes in amino acid metabolism. In summary, heterologous expression of <i>HIOMT</i> improved the adaptation of apple leaves to salt stress, primarily by increasing melatonin concentration, maintaining a high photosynthetic capacity, reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation, and maintaining normal ion homeostasis.Kexin TanJiangzhu ZhengCheng LiuXianghan LiuXiaomin LiuTengteng GaoXinyang SongZhiwei WeiFengwang MaChao LiMDPI AGarticlehydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase genemelatoninROSABAion homeostasisamino acidsBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12425, p 12425 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase gene melatonin ROS ABA ion homeostasis amino acids Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase gene melatonin ROS ABA ion homeostasis amino acids Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Kexin Tan Jiangzhu Zheng Cheng Liu Xianghan Liu Xiaomin Liu Tengteng Gao Xinyang Song Zhiwei Wei Fengwang Ma Chao Li Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene <i>HIOMT</i> Improves Salt Tolerance in <i>Malus domestica</i>
description	Melatonin, a widely known indoleamine molecule that mediates various animal and plant physiological processes, is formed from N-acetyl serotonin via N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT). ASMT is an enzyme that catalyzes melatonin synthesis in plants in the rate-determining step and is homologous to hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) melatonin synthase in animals. To date, little is known about the effect of <i>HIOMT</i> on salinity in apple plants. Here, we explored the melatonin physiological function in the salinity condition response by heterologous expressing the homologous human <i>HIOMT</i> gene in apple plants. We discovered that the expression of melatonin-related gene (<i>MdASMT</i>) in apple plants was induced by salinity. Most notably, compared with the wild type, three transgenic lines indicated higher melatonin levels, and the heterologous expression of <i>HIOMT</i> enhanced the expression of melatonin synthesis genes. The transgenic lines showed reduced salt damage symptoms, lower relative electrolyte leakage, and less total chlorophyll loss from leaves under salt stress. Meanwhile, through enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes, transgenic lines decreased the reactive oxygen species accumulation, downregulated the expression of the abscisic acid synthesis gene (<i>MdNCED3</i>), accordingly reducing the accumulation of abscisic acid under salt stress. Both mechanisms regulated morphological changes in the stomata synergistically, thereby mitigating damage to the plants’ photosynthetic ability. In addition, transgenic plants also effectively stabilized their ion balance, raised the expression of salt stress–related genes, as well as alleviated osmotic stress through changes in amino acid metabolism. In summary, heterologous expression of <i>HIOMT</i> improved the adaptation of apple leaves to salt stress, primarily by increasing melatonin concentration, maintaining a high photosynthetic capacity, reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation, and maintaining normal ion homeostasis.
format	article
author	Kexin Tan Jiangzhu Zheng Cheng Liu Xianghan Liu Xiaomin Liu Tengteng Gao Xinyang Song Zhiwei Wei Fengwang Ma Chao Li
author_facet	Kexin Tan Jiangzhu Zheng Cheng Liu Xianghan Liu Xiaomin Liu Tengteng Gao Xinyang Song Zhiwei Wei Fengwang Ma Chao Li
author_sort	Kexin Tan
title	Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene <i>HIOMT</i> Improves Salt Tolerance in <i>Malus domestica</i>
title_short	Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene <i>HIOMT</i> Improves Salt Tolerance in <i>Malus domestica</i>
title_full	Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene <i>HIOMT</i> Improves Salt Tolerance in <i>Malus domestica</i>
title_fullStr	Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene <i>HIOMT</i> Improves Salt Tolerance in <i>Malus domestica</i>
title_full_unstemmed	Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene <i>HIOMT</i> Improves Salt Tolerance in <i>Malus domestica</i>
title_sort	heterologous expression of the melatonin-related gene <i>hiomt</i> improves salt tolerance in <i>malus domestica</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dbcee07189764f94926718db615e687b
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Heterologous Expression of the Melatonin-Related Gene <i>HIOMT</i> Improves Salt Tolerance in <i>Malus domestica</i>

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