Tracking the Dairy Microbiota from Farm Bulk Tank to Skimmed Milk Powder

ABSTRACT Microorganisms from the environment can enter the dairy supply chain at multiple stages, including production, milk collection, and processing, with potential implications for quality and safety. The ability to track these microorganisms can be greatly enhanced by the use of high-throughput...

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Autores principales:	Aoife J. McHugh, Conor Feehily, Mark A. Fenelon, David Gleeson, Colin Hill, Paul D. Cotter
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	dairy processing metagenomics skimmed milk powder 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing bulk tank milk Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dbff72ea67cd4526bbd496e9f1a7118a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dbff72ea67cd4526bbd496e9f1a7118a2021-12-02T18:15:46ZTracking the Dairy Microbiota from Farm Bulk Tank to Skimmed Milk Powder10.1128/mSystems.00226-202379-5077https://doaj.org/article/dbff72ea67cd4526bbd496e9f1a7118a2020-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00226-20https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5077ABSTRACT Microorganisms from the environment can enter the dairy supply chain at multiple stages, including production, milk collection, and processing, with potential implications for quality and safety. The ability to track these microorganisms can be greatly enhanced by the use of high-throughput DNA sequencing (HTS). Here HTS, both 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing were applied to investigate the microbiomes of fresh mid- and late-lactation milk collected from farm bulk tanks, collection tankers, milk silos, skimmed milk silos, a cream silo, and powder samples to investigate the microbial changes throughout a skim milk powder manufacturing process. 16S rRNA gene analysis established that the microbiota of raw milks from farm bulk tanks and in collection tankers were very diverse but that psychrotrophic genera associated with spoilage, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter, were present in all samples. Upon storage within the whole-milk silo at the processing facility, the species Pseudomonas fluorescens and Acinetobacter baumannii became dominant. The skimmed milk powder generated during the mid-lactation period had a microbial composition that was very different from that of raw milk; specifically, two thermophilic genera, Thermus and Geobacillus, were enriched. In contrast, the microbiota of skimmed milk powder generated from late-lactation milk more closely resembled that of the raw milk and was dominated by spoilage-associated psychrotrophic bacteria. This study demonstrates that the dairy microbiota can differ significantly across different sampling days. More specifically, HTS can be used to trace microbial species from raw milks through processing to final powdered products. IMPORTANCE Microorganisms can enter and persist in dairy at several stages of the processing chain. Detection of microorganisms within dairy food processing is currently a time-consuming and often inaccurate process. This study provides evidence that high-throughput sequencing can be used as an effective tool to accurately identify microorganisms along the processing chain. In addition, it demonstrates that the populations of microbes change from raw milk to the end product. Routine implementation of high-throughput sequencing would elucidate the factors that influence population dynamics. This will enable a manufacturer to adopt control measures specific to each stage of processing and respond in an effective manner, which would ultimately lead to increased food safety and quality.Aoife J. McHughConor FeehilyMark A. FenelonDavid GleesonColin HillPaul D. CotterAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticledairyprocessingmetagenomicsskimmed milk powder16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencingbulk tank milkMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSystems, Vol 5, Iss 2 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	dairy processing metagenomics skimmed milk powder 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing bulk tank milk Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	dairy processing metagenomics skimmed milk powder 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing bulk tank milk Microbiology QR1-502 Aoife J. McHugh Conor Feehily Mark A. Fenelon David Gleeson Colin Hill Paul D. Cotter Tracking the Dairy Microbiota from Farm Bulk Tank to Skimmed Milk Powder
description	ABSTRACT Microorganisms from the environment can enter the dairy supply chain at multiple stages, including production, milk collection, and processing, with potential implications for quality and safety. The ability to track these microorganisms can be greatly enhanced by the use of high-throughput DNA sequencing (HTS). Here HTS, both 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing were applied to investigate the microbiomes of fresh mid- and late-lactation milk collected from farm bulk tanks, collection tankers, milk silos, skimmed milk silos, a cream silo, and powder samples to investigate the microbial changes throughout a skim milk powder manufacturing process. 16S rRNA gene analysis established that the microbiota of raw milks from farm bulk tanks and in collection tankers were very diverse but that psychrotrophic genera associated with spoilage, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter, were present in all samples. Upon storage within the whole-milk silo at the processing facility, the species Pseudomonas fluorescens and Acinetobacter baumannii became dominant. The skimmed milk powder generated during the mid-lactation period had a microbial composition that was very different from that of raw milk; specifically, two thermophilic genera, Thermus and Geobacillus, were enriched. In contrast, the microbiota of skimmed milk powder generated from late-lactation milk more closely resembled that of the raw milk and was dominated by spoilage-associated psychrotrophic bacteria. This study demonstrates that the dairy microbiota can differ significantly across different sampling days. More specifically, HTS can be used to trace microbial species from raw milks through processing to final powdered products. IMPORTANCE Microorganisms can enter and persist in dairy at several stages of the processing chain. Detection of microorganisms within dairy food processing is currently a time-consuming and often inaccurate process. This study provides evidence that high-throughput sequencing can be used as an effective tool to accurately identify microorganisms along the processing chain. In addition, it demonstrates that the populations of microbes change from raw milk to the end product. Routine implementation of high-throughput sequencing would elucidate the factors that influence population dynamics. This will enable a manufacturer to adopt control measures specific to each stage of processing and respond in an effective manner, which would ultimately lead to increased food safety and quality.
format	article
author	Aoife J. McHugh Conor Feehily Mark A. Fenelon David Gleeson Colin Hill Paul D. Cotter
author_facet	Aoife J. McHugh Conor Feehily Mark A. Fenelon David Gleeson Colin Hill Paul D. Cotter
author_sort	Aoife J. McHugh
title	Tracking the Dairy Microbiota from Farm Bulk Tank to Skimmed Milk Powder
title_short	Tracking the Dairy Microbiota from Farm Bulk Tank to Skimmed Milk Powder
title_full	Tracking the Dairy Microbiota from Farm Bulk Tank to Skimmed Milk Powder
title_fullStr	Tracking the Dairy Microbiota from Farm Bulk Tank to Skimmed Milk Powder
title_full_unstemmed	Tracking the Dairy Microbiota from Farm Bulk Tank to Skimmed Milk Powder
title_sort	tracking the dairy microbiota from farm bulk tank to skimmed milk powder
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/dbff72ea67cd4526bbd496e9f1a7118a
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Tracking the Dairy Microbiota from Farm Bulk Tank to Skimmed Milk Powder

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