Hypothermia modulates myeloid cell polarization in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury

Abstract Background Neonatal encephalopathy due to hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is a leading cause of death and disability in term newborns. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) is the only recommended therapy. However, 30% still suffer from neurological deficits. Inflammation is a major hallmark of HI pathophysio...

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Autores principales:	Marina Seitz, Christian Köster, Mark Dzietko, Hemmen Sabir, Meray Serdar, Ursula Felderhoff-Müser, Ivo Bendix, Josephine Herz
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	Microglia Macrophages Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia Hypothermia Myeloid cell polarization M1 M2 polarization Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dc0842632fe94009894064e0856deb1b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dc0842632fe94009894064e0856deb1b2021-11-14T12:38:17ZHypothermia modulates myeloid cell polarization in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury10.1186/s12974-021-02314-91742-2094https://doaj.org/article/dc0842632fe94009894064e0856deb1b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-021-02314-9https://doaj.org/toc/1742-2094Abstract Background Neonatal encephalopathy due to hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is a leading cause of death and disability in term newborns. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) is the only recommended therapy. However, 30% still suffer from neurological deficits. Inflammation is a major hallmark of HI pathophysiology with myeloid cells being key players, participating either in progression or in resolution of injury-induced inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the impact of HT on the temporal and spatial dynamics of microglia/macrophage polarization after neonatal HI in newborn mice. Methods Nine-day-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to HI through occlusion of the right common carotid artery followed by 1 h hypoxia. Immediately after HI, animals were cooled for 4 h or kept at physiological body core temperature. Analyses were performed at 1, 3 and 7 days post HI. Brain injury, neuronal cell loss, apoptosis and microglia activation were assessed by immunohistochemistry. A broad set of typical genes associated with classical (M1) and alternative (M2) myeloid cell activation was analyzed by real time PCR in ex vivo isolated CD11b+ microglia/macrophages. Purity and composition of isolated cells was determined by flow cytometry. Results Immediate HT significantly reduced HI-induced brain injury and neuronal loss 7 days post HI, whereas only mild non-significant protection from HI-induced apoptosis and neuronal loss were observed 1 and 3 days after HI. Microglia activation, i.e., Iba-1 immunoreactivity peaked 3 days after HI and was not modulated by HT. However, ex vivo isolated CD11b+ cells revealed a strong upregulation of the majority of M1 but also M2 marker genes at day 1, which was significantly reduced by HT and rapidly declined at day 3. HI induced a significant increase in the frequency of peripheral macrophages in sorted CD11b+ cells at day 1, which deteriorated until day 7 and was significantly decreased by HT. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that HT-induced neuroprotection is preceded by acute suppression of HI-induced upregulation of inflammatory genes in myeloid cells and decreased infiltration of peripheral macrophages, both representing potential important effector mechanisms of HT.Marina SeitzChristian KösterMark DzietkoHemmen SabirMeray SerdarUrsula Felderhoff-MüserIvo BendixJosephine HerzBMCarticleMicrogliaMacrophagesNeonatal hypoxia–ischemiaHypothermiaMyeloid cell polarizationM1 M2 polarizationNeurology. Diseases of the nervous systemRC346-429ENJournal of Neuroinflammation, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microglia Macrophages Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia Hypothermia Myeloid cell polarization M1 M2 polarization Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
spellingShingle	Microglia Macrophages Neonatal hypoxia–ischemia Hypothermia Myeloid cell polarization M1 M2 polarization Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429 Marina Seitz Christian Köster Mark Dzietko Hemmen Sabir Meray Serdar Ursula Felderhoff-Müser Ivo Bendix Josephine Herz Hypothermia modulates myeloid cell polarization in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
description	Abstract Background Neonatal encephalopathy due to hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is a leading cause of death and disability in term newborns. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) is the only recommended therapy. However, 30% still suffer from neurological deficits. Inflammation is a major hallmark of HI pathophysiology with myeloid cells being key players, participating either in progression or in resolution of injury-induced inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the impact of HT on the temporal and spatial dynamics of microglia/macrophage polarization after neonatal HI in newborn mice. Methods Nine-day-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to HI through occlusion of the right common carotid artery followed by 1 h hypoxia. Immediately after HI, animals were cooled for 4 h or kept at physiological body core temperature. Analyses were performed at 1, 3 and 7 days post HI. Brain injury, neuronal cell loss, apoptosis and microglia activation were assessed by immunohistochemistry. A broad set of typical genes associated with classical (M1) and alternative (M2) myeloid cell activation was analyzed by real time PCR in ex vivo isolated CD11b+ microglia/macrophages. Purity and composition of isolated cells was determined by flow cytometry. Results Immediate HT significantly reduced HI-induced brain injury and neuronal loss 7 days post HI, whereas only mild non-significant protection from HI-induced apoptosis and neuronal loss were observed 1 and 3 days after HI. Microglia activation, i.e., Iba-1 immunoreactivity peaked 3 days after HI and was not modulated by HT. However, ex vivo isolated CD11b+ cells revealed a strong upregulation of the majority of M1 but also M2 marker genes at day 1, which was significantly reduced by HT and rapidly declined at day 3. HI induced a significant increase in the frequency of peripheral macrophages in sorted CD11b+ cells at day 1, which deteriorated until day 7 and was significantly decreased by HT. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that HT-induced neuroprotection is preceded by acute suppression of HI-induced upregulation of inflammatory genes in myeloid cells and decreased infiltration of peripheral macrophages, both representing potential important effector mechanisms of HT.
format	article
author	Marina Seitz Christian Köster Mark Dzietko Hemmen Sabir Meray Serdar Ursula Felderhoff-Müser Ivo Bendix Josephine Herz
author_facet	Marina Seitz Christian Köster Mark Dzietko Hemmen Sabir Meray Serdar Ursula Felderhoff-Müser Ivo Bendix Josephine Herz
author_sort	Marina Seitz
title	Hypothermia modulates myeloid cell polarization in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
title_short	Hypothermia modulates myeloid cell polarization in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
title_full	Hypothermia modulates myeloid cell polarization in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
title_fullStr	Hypothermia modulates myeloid cell polarization in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
title_full_unstemmed	Hypothermia modulates myeloid cell polarization in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
title_sort	hypothermia modulates myeloid cell polarization in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dc0842632fe94009894064e0856deb1b
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Hypothermia modulates myeloid cell polarization in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury

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