Agro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of Iran

Abstract Ending hunger and ensuring food security are among targets of 2030’s SDGs. While food trade and the embedded (virtual) water (VW) may improve food availability and accessibility for more people all year round, the sustainability and efficiency of food and VW trade needs to be revisited. In...

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Autores principales:	Fatemeh Karandish, Hamideh Nouri, Marcela Brugnach
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dc566d9fd0b3465494d0b02278575bed
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dc566d9fd0b3465494d0b02278575bed2021-12-02T16:17:22ZAgro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of Iran10.1038/s41598-021-93928-92045-2322https://doaj.org/article/dc566d9fd0b3465494d0b02278575bed2021-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93928-9https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Ending hunger and ensuring food security are among targets of 2030’s SDGs. While food trade and the embedded (virtual) water (VW) may improve food availability and accessibility for more people all year round, the sustainability and efficiency of food and VW trade needs to be revisited. In this research, we assess the sustainability and efficiency of food and VW trades under two food security scenarios for Iran, a country suffering from an escalating water crisis. These scenarios are (1) Individual Crop Food Security (ICFS), which restricts calorie fulfillment from individual crops and (2) Crop Category Food Security (CCFS), which promotes “eating local” by suggesting food substitution within the crop category. To this end, we simulate the water footprint and VW trades of 27 major crops, within 8 crop categories, in 30 provinces of Iran (2005–2015). We investigate the impacts of these two scenarios on (a) provincial food security (FSp) and exports; (b) sustainable and efficient blue water consumption, and (c) blue VW export. We then test the correlation between agro-economic and socio-environmental indicators and provincial food security. Our results show that most provinces were threatened by unsustainable and inefficient blue water consumption for crop production, particularly in the summertime. This water mismanagement results in 14.41 and 8.45 billion m3 y−1 unsustainable and inefficient blue VW exports under ICFS. “Eating local” improves the FSp value by up to 210% which lessens the unsustainable and inefficient blue VW export from hotspots. As illustrated in the graphical abstract, the FSp value strongly correlates with different agro-economic and socio-environmental indicators, but in different ways. Our findings promote “eating local” besides improving agro-economic and socio-environmental conditions to take transformative steps toward eradicating food insecurity not only in Iran but also in other countries facing water limitations.Fatemeh KarandishHamideh NouriMarcela BrugnachNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Fatemeh Karandish Hamideh Nouri Marcela Brugnach Agro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of Iran
description	Abstract Ending hunger and ensuring food security are among targets of 2030’s SDGs. While food trade and the embedded (virtual) water (VW) may improve food availability and accessibility for more people all year round, the sustainability and efficiency of food and VW trade needs to be revisited. In this research, we assess the sustainability and efficiency of food and VW trades under two food security scenarios for Iran, a country suffering from an escalating water crisis. These scenarios are (1) Individual Crop Food Security (ICFS), which restricts calorie fulfillment from individual crops and (2) Crop Category Food Security (CCFS), which promotes “eating local” by suggesting food substitution within the crop category. To this end, we simulate the water footprint and VW trades of 27 major crops, within 8 crop categories, in 30 provinces of Iran (2005–2015). We investigate the impacts of these two scenarios on (a) provincial food security (FSp) and exports; (b) sustainable and efficient blue water consumption, and (c) blue VW export. We then test the correlation between agro-economic and socio-environmental indicators and provincial food security. Our results show that most provinces were threatened by unsustainable and inefficient blue water consumption for crop production, particularly in the summertime. This water mismanagement results in 14.41 and 8.45 billion m3 y−1 unsustainable and inefficient blue VW exports under ICFS. “Eating local” improves the FSp value by up to 210% which lessens the unsustainable and inefficient blue VW export from hotspots. As illustrated in the graphical abstract, the FSp value strongly correlates with different agro-economic and socio-environmental indicators, but in different ways. Our findings promote “eating local” besides improving agro-economic and socio-environmental conditions to take transformative steps toward eradicating food insecurity not only in Iran but also in other countries facing water limitations.
format	article
author	Fatemeh Karandish Hamideh Nouri Marcela Brugnach
author_facet	Fatemeh Karandish Hamideh Nouri Marcela Brugnach
author_sort	Fatemeh Karandish
title	Agro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of Iran
title_short	Agro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of Iran
title_full	Agro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of Iran
title_fullStr	Agro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of Iran
title_full_unstemmed	Agro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of Iran
title_sort	agro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of iran
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dc566d9fd0b3465494d0b02278575bed
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Agro-economic and socio-environmental assessments of food and virtual water trades of Iran

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