Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials

The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to the smelting and refining processes. Thermodynamics of phases and equilibria are the key to the analysis of pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descripti...

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Autores principales:	Pekka Taskinen, Katri Avarmaa
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	computational thermodynamics non-ferrous metallurgy phase equilibria thermodynamics Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dcaff73e76f94a2fa8f2b2d30daaee9e
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:dcaff73e76f94a2fa8f2b2d30daaee9e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dcaff73e76f94a2fa8f2b2d30daaee9e2021-11-25T19:04:37ZSimulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials10.3390/su1322128262071-1050https://doaj.org/article/dcaff73e76f94a2fa8f2b2d30daaee9e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12826https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to the smelting and refining processes. Thermodynamics of phases and equilibria are the key to the analysis of pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descriptions of their limiting boundary conditions. The raw material basis of non-ferrous metals needs an effective control of iron oxide fluxing due to the challenging fact that the targeted metal values of, e.g., copper, nickel, lead, and tin will exist as minority components in the smelter feeds compared to iron sulphides, gangue, and many harmful elements. This means more complex slag compositions and the amount of produced slag being several times that of the metal production. This feature severely impacts the heat balance of the smelting vessels where autogenous operation without external fuels becomes more and more difficult to maintain.Pekka TaskinenKatri AvarmaaMDPI AGarticlecomputational thermodynamicsnon-ferrous metallurgyphase equilibriathermodynamicsEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12826, p 12826 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	computational thermodynamics non-ferrous metallurgy phase equilibria thermodynamics Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	computational thermodynamics non-ferrous metallurgy phase equilibria thermodynamics Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Pekka Taskinen Katri Avarmaa Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials
description	The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to the smelting and refining processes. Thermodynamics of phases and equilibria are the key to the analysis of pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descriptions of their limiting boundary conditions. The raw material basis of non-ferrous metals needs an effective control of iron oxide fluxing due to the challenging fact that the targeted metal values of, e.g., copper, nickel, lead, and tin will exist as minority components in the smelter feeds compared to iron sulphides, gangue, and many harmful elements. This means more complex slag compositions and the amount of produced slag being several times that of the metal production. This feature severely impacts the heat balance of the smelting vessels where autogenous operation without external fuels becomes more and more difficult to maintain.
format	article
author	Pekka Taskinen Katri Avarmaa
author_facet	Pekka Taskinen Katri Avarmaa
author_sort	Pekka Taskinen
title	Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials
title_short	Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials
title_full	Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials
title_fullStr	Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials
title_full_unstemmed	Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials
title_sort	simulation of slag–matte/metal equilibria for complex and low-grade raw materials
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dcaff73e76f94a2fa8f2b2d30daaee9e
work_keys_str_mv	AT pekkataskinen simulationofslagmattemetalequilibriaforcomplexandlowgraderawmaterials AT katriavarmaa simulationofslagmattemetalequilibriaforcomplexandlowgraderawmaterials
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Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials

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