Chemical and physical characterization of oil shale combustion emissions in Estonia

In this study, oil shale combustion emission measurements were conducted in a 60 kWth Circulating Fluidized Bed combustion test facility located in a laboratory-type environment. A comprehensive set of instruments including a nitrate-ion-based Chemical Ionization Atmospheric Pressure interface Time-...

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Autores principales:	Minna Aurela, Fanni Mylläri, Alar Konist, Sanna Saarikoski, Miska Olin, Pauli Simonen, Matthew Bloss, Dmitri Nešumajev, Laura Salo, Marek Maasikmets, Mikko Sipilä, Miikka Dal Maso, Jorma Keskinen, Hilkka Timonen, Topi Rönkkö
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Oil shale Combustion Primary emissions Secondary emissions Chemical characterization Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dce88201986a4f5c9ac3e0cb3dff4428
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dce88201986a4f5c9ac3e0cb3dff44282021-11-10T04:40:48ZChemical and physical characterization of oil shale combustion emissions in Estonia2590-162110.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100139https://doaj.org/article/dce88201986a4f5c9ac3e0cb3dff44282021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590162121000393https://doaj.org/toc/2590-1621In this study, oil shale combustion emission measurements were conducted in a 60 kWth Circulating Fluidized Bed combustion test facility located in a laboratory-type environment. A comprehensive set of instruments including a nitrate-ion-based Chemical Ionization Atmospheric Pressure interface Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer, a Soot-Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, and a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) chamber was utilized to investigate the chemical composition and concentrations of primary and secondary emissions in oil shale combustion. In addition, the size distribution of particles (2.5–414 nm) as well as concentration and composition of gaseous precursors were characterized. Altogether 12 different experiments were conducted. Primary emissions were studied in seven experiments and aged emissions using PAM chamber in five experiments. Combustion temperatures and solid fuel circulation rates varied between different experiments, and it was found that the burning conditions had a large impact on gaseous and particulate emissions. The majority of the combustion particles were below 10 nm in size during good burning whereas in poor burning conditions the emitted particles were larger and size distributions with 2–3 particle modes were detected. The main submicron particle chemical component was particulate organic matter (POM), followed by sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and ammonium. The secondary particulate matter formed in the PAM chamber was mostly POM and the concentration of POM was many orders of magnitude higher in aged aerosol compared to primary emissions. A significant amount of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was measured as well. VOCs have the potential to go through gas-to-particle conversion during the oxidation process, explaining the observed high concentrations of aged POM. During good combustion, when VOC emissions were lower, over 80% of SO2 was oxidized either to gaseous H2SO4 (37%) or particulate sulfate (46%) in the PAM chamber, which mimic the atmospheric processes taken place in the ambient air after few days of emission.Minna AurelaFanni MylläriAlar KonistSanna SaarikoskiMiska OlinPauli SimonenMatthew BlossDmitri NešumajevLaura SaloMarek MaasikmetsMikko SipiläMiikka Dal MasoJorma KeskinenHilkka TimonenTopi RönkköElsevierarticleOil shaleCombustionPrimary emissionsSecondary emissionsChemical characterizationEnvironmental pollutionTD172-193.5Meteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmospheric Environment: X, Vol 12, Iss , Pp 100139- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Oil shale Combustion Primary emissions Secondary emissions Chemical characterization Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	Oil shale Combustion Primary emissions Secondary emissions Chemical characterization Environmental pollution TD172-193.5 Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Minna Aurela Fanni Mylläri Alar Konist Sanna Saarikoski Miska Olin Pauli Simonen Matthew Bloss Dmitri Nešumajev Laura Salo Marek Maasikmets Mikko Sipilä Miikka Dal Maso Jorma Keskinen Hilkka Timonen Topi Rönkkö Chemical and physical characterization of oil shale combustion emissions in Estonia
description	In this study, oil shale combustion emission measurements were conducted in a 60 kWth Circulating Fluidized Bed combustion test facility located in a laboratory-type environment. A comprehensive set of instruments including a nitrate-ion-based Chemical Ionization Atmospheric Pressure interface Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer, a Soot-Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, and a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) chamber was utilized to investigate the chemical composition and concentrations of primary and secondary emissions in oil shale combustion. In addition, the size distribution of particles (2.5–414 nm) as well as concentration and composition of gaseous precursors were characterized. Altogether 12 different experiments were conducted. Primary emissions were studied in seven experiments and aged emissions using PAM chamber in five experiments. Combustion temperatures and solid fuel circulation rates varied between different experiments, and it was found that the burning conditions had a large impact on gaseous and particulate emissions. The majority of the combustion particles were below 10 nm in size during good burning whereas in poor burning conditions the emitted particles were larger and size distributions with 2–3 particle modes were detected. The main submicron particle chemical component was particulate organic matter (POM), followed by sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and ammonium. The secondary particulate matter formed in the PAM chamber was mostly POM and the concentration of POM was many orders of magnitude higher in aged aerosol compared to primary emissions. A significant amount of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was measured as well. VOCs have the potential to go through gas-to-particle conversion during the oxidation process, explaining the observed high concentrations of aged POM. During good combustion, when VOC emissions were lower, over 80% of SO2 was oxidized either to gaseous H2SO4 (37%) or particulate sulfate (46%) in the PAM chamber, which mimic the atmospheric processes taken place in the ambient air after few days of emission.
format	article
author	Minna Aurela Fanni Mylläri Alar Konist Sanna Saarikoski Miska Olin Pauli Simonen Matthew Bloss Dmitri Nešumajev Laura Salo Marek Maasikmets Mikko Sipilä Miikka Dal Maso Jorma Keskinen Hilkka Timonen Topi Rönkkö
author_facet	Minna Aurela Fanni Mylläri Alar Konist Sanna Saarikoski Miska Olin Pauli Simonen Matthew Bloss Dmitri Nešumajev Laura Salo Marek Maasikmets Mikko Sipilä Miikka Dal Maso Jorma Keskinen Hilkka Timonen Topi Rönkkö
author_sort	Minna Aurela
title	Chemical and physical characterization of oil shale combustion emissions in Estonia
title_short	Chemical and physical characterization of oil shale combustion emissions in Estonia
title_full	Chemical and physical characterization of oil shale combustion emissions in Estonia
title_fullStr	Chemical and physical characterization of oil shale combustion emissions in Estonia
title_full_unstemmed	Chemical and physical characterization of oil shale combustion emissions in Estonia
title_sort	chemical and physical characterization of oil shale combustion emissions in estonia
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dce88201986a4f5c9ac3e0cb3dff4428
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Chemical and physical characterization of oil shale combustion emissions in Estonia

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