The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment.
Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both...
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2013
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oai:doaj.org-article:dd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b2021-11-18T07:50:36ZThe molecular genetic architecture of self-employment.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0060542https://doaj.org/article/dd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b2013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23593239/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases.Matthijs J H M van der LoosCornelius A RietveldNiina EklundPhilipp D KoellingerFernando RivadeneiraGonçalo R AbecasisGeorgina A Ankra-BaduSebastian E BaumeisterDaniel J BenjaminReiner BiffarStefan BlankenbergDorret I BoomsmaDavid CesariniFrancesco CuccaEco J C de GeusGeorge DedoussisPanos DeloukasMaria DimitriouGuðny EiriksdottirJohan ErikssonChristian GiegerVilmundur GudnasonBirgit HöhneRolf HolleJouke-Jan HottengaAaron IsaacsMarjo-Riitta JärvelinMagnus JohannessonMarika KaakinenMika KähönenStavroula KanoniMaarit A LaaksonenJari LahtiLenore J LaunerTerho LehtimäkiMarisa LoitfelderPatrik K E MagnussonSilvia NaitzaBen A OostraMarkus PerolaKatja PetrovicLydia QuayeOlli RaitakariSamuli RipattiPaul ScheetDavid SchlessingerCarsten O SchmidtHelena SchmidtReinhold SchmidtAndrea SenftAlbert V SmithTimothy D SpectorIda SurakkaRauli SventoAntonio TerraccianoEmmi TikkanenCornelia M van DuijnJorma ViikariHenry VölzkeH-Erich WichmannPhilipp S WildSara M WillemsGonneke WillemsenFrank J A van RooijPatrick J F GroenenAndré G UitterlindenAlbert HofmanA Roy ThurikPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 4, p e60542 (2013) |
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| collection |
DOAJ |
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EN |
| topic |
Medicine R Science Q |
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Medicine R Science Q Matthijs J H M van der Loos Cornelius A Rietveld Niina Eklund Philipp D Koellinger Fernando Rivadeneira Gonçalo R Abecasis Georgina A Ankra-Badu Sebastian E Baumeister Daniel J Benjamin Reiner Biffar Stefan Blankenberg Dorret I Boomsma David Cesarini Francesco Cucca Eco J C de Geus George Dedoussis Panos Deloukas Maria Dimitriou Guðny Eiriksdottir Johan Eriksson Christian Gieger Vilmundur Gudnason Birgit Höhne Rolf Holle Jouke-Jan Hottenga Aaron Isaacs Marjo-Riitta Järvelin Magnus Johannesson Marika Kaakinen Mika Kähönen Stavroula Kanoni Maarit A Laaksonen Jari Lahti Lenore J Launer Terho Lehtimäki Marisa Loitfelder Patrik K E Magnusson Silvia Naitza Ben A Oostra Markus Perola Katja Petrovic Lydia Quaye Olli Raitakari Samuli Ripatti Paul Scheet David Schlessinger Carsten O Schmidt Helena Schmidt Reinhold Schmidt Andrea Senft Albert V Smith Timothy D Spector Ida Surakka Rauli Svento Antonio Terracciano Emmi Tikkanen Cornelia M van Duijn Jorma Viikari Henry Völzke H-Erich Wichmann Philipp S Wild Sara M Willems Gonneke Willemsen Frank J A van Rooij Patrick J F Groenen André G Uitterlinden Albert Hofman A Roy Thurik The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. |
| description |
Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (σ(g)(2)/σ(P)(2) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p≥0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Matthijs J H M van der Loos Cornelius A Rietveld Niina Eklund Philipp D Koellinger Fernando Rivadeneira Gonçalo R Abecasis Georgina A Ankra-Badu Sebastian E Baumeister Daniel J Benjamin Reiner Biffar Stefan Blankenberg Dorret I Boomsma David Cesarini Francesco Cucca Eco J C de Geus George Dedoussis Panos Deloukas Maria Dimitriou Guðny Eiriksdottir Johan Eriksson Christian Gieger Vilmundur Gudnason Birgit Höhne Rolf Holle Jouke-Jan Hottenga Aaron Isaacs Marjo-Riitta Järvelin Magnus Johannesson Marika Kaakinen Mika Kähönen Stavroula Kanoni Maarit A Laaksonen Jari Lahti Lenore J Launer Terho Lehtimäki Marisa Loitfelder Patrik K E Magnusson Silvia Naitza Ben A Oostra Markus Perola Katja Petrovic Lydia Quaye Olli Raitakari Samuli Ripatti Paul Scheet David Schlessinger Carsten O Schmidt Helena Schmidt Reinhold Schmidt Andrea Senft Albert V Smith Timothy D Spector Ida Surakka Rauli Svento Antonio Terracciano Emmi Tikkanen Cornelia M van Duijn Jorma Viikari Henry Völzke H-Erich Wichmann Philipp S Wild Sara M Willems Gonneke Willemsen Frank J A van Rooij Patrick J F Groenen André G Uitterlinden Albert Hofman A Roy Thurik |
| author_facet |
Matthijs J H M van der Loos Cornelius A Rietveld Niina Eklund Philipp D Koellinger Fernando Rivadeneira Gonçalo R Abecasis Georgina A Ankra-Badu Sebastian E Baumeister Daniel J Benjamin Reiner Biffar Stefan Blankenberg Dorret I Boomsma David Cesarini Francesco Cucca Eco J C de Geus George Dedoussis Panos Deloukas Maria Dimitriou Guðny Eiriksdottir Johan Eriksson Christian Gieger Vilmundur Gudnason Birgit Höhne Rolf Holle Jouke-Jan Hottenga Aaron Isaacs Marjo-Riitta Järvelin Magnus Johannesson Marika Kaakinen Mika Kähönen Stavroula Kanoni Maarit A Laaksonen Jari Lahti Lenore J Launer Terho Lehtimäki Marisa Loitfelder Patrik K E Magnusson Silvia Naitza Ben A Oostra Markus Perola Katja Petrovic Lydia Quaye Olli Raitakari Samuli Ripatti Paul Scheet David Schlessinger Carsten O Schmidt Helena Schmidt Reinhold Schmidt Andrea Senft Albert V Smith Timothy D Spector Ida Surakka Rauli Svento Antonio Terracciano Emmi Tikkanen Cornelia M van Duijn Jorma Viikari Henry Völzke H-Erich Wichmann Philipp S Wild Sara M Willems Gonneke Willemsen Frank J A van Rooij Patrick J F Groenen André G Uitterlinden Albert Hofman A Roy Thurik |
| author_sort |
Matthijs J H M van der Loos |
| title |
The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. |
| title_short |
The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. |
| title_full |
The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. |
| title_fullStr |
The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. |
| title_sort |
molecular genetic architecture of self-employment. |
| publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/dd074fdd85ea4576a5beac88c777bd2b |
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