Parameterization of Sea Surface Drag Coefficient for All Wind Regimes Using 11 Aircraft Eddy-Covariance Measurement Databases

The drag coefficient is essential for calculating the aerodynamic friction between air and sea. In this study, we regress a set of relationships between the drag coefficient and the wind speed for different wind ranges using an observational dataset that consists of 5941 estimates of the mean flow a...

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Autores principales:	Zhiqiu Gao, Shaohui Zhou, Jianbin Zhang, Zhihua Zeng, Xueyan Bi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	drag coefficient wind speed aircraft turbulent measurements saturated wind speed Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dd13c4de95d54474956c0e0a21a82163
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dd13c4de95d54474956c0e0a21a821632021-11-25T16:45:26ZParameterization of Sea Surface Drag Coefficient for All Wind Regimes Using 11 Aircraft Eddy-Covariance Measurement Databases10.3390/atmos121114852073-4433https://doaj.org/article/dd13c4de95d54474956c0e0a21a821632021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1485https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433The drag coefficient is essential for calculating the aerodynamic friction between air and sea. In this study, we regress a set of relationships between the drag coefficient and the wind speed for different wind ranges using an observational dataset that consists of 5941 estimates of the mean flow and fluxes from 11 aircraft turbulent measurements over the sea surface. Results show that: (1) the drag coefficient is a power function of wind speed over smooth sea surface when it is no greater than 4.5 ms<sup>−1</sup>, and the drag coefficient decreases with the increase of wind speed; and (2) for rough sea surface, when the wind speed is greater than 4.5 ms<sup>−1</sup> and less than or equal to 10.5 ms<sup>−1</sup>, the drag coefficient increases linearly with the increase of horizontal wind speed; when the wind speed is greater than 10.5 ms<sup>−1</sup> and less than or equal to 33.5 ms<sup>−1</sup>, the drag coefficient changes parabolically with the increase of wind speed; when the wind speed is greater than 33.5 ms<sup>−1</sup>, the drag coefficient is constant. Additionally, regressed from drag coefficient, the saturated wind speed threshold is 23 ms<sup>−1</sup>. Parameterizations of turbulent heat transfer coefficient (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>h</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and water vapor transfer coefficient (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) are also investigated.Zhiqiu GaoShaohui ZhouJianbin ZhangZhihua ZengXueyan BiMDPI AGarticledrag coefficientwind speedaircraft turbulent measurementssaturated wind speedMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1485, p 1485 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	drag coefficient wind speed aircraft turbulent measurements saturated wind speed Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	drag coefficient wind speed aircraft turbulent measurements saturated wind speed Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Zhiqiu Gao Shaohui Zhou Jianbin Zhang Zhihua Zeng Xueyan Bi Parameterization of Sea Surface Drag Coefficient for All Wind Regimes Using 11 Aircraft Eddy-Covariance Measurement Databases
description	The drag coefficient is essential for calculating the aerodynamic friction between air and sea. In this study, we regress a set of relationships between the drag coefficient and the wind speed for different wind ranges using an observational dataset that consists of 5941 estimates of the mean flow and fluxes from 11 aircraft turbulent measurements over the sea surface. Results show that: (1) the drag coefficient is a power function of wind speed over smooth sea surface when it is no greater than 4.5 ms<sup>−1</sup>, and the drag coefficient decreases with the increase of wind speed; and (2) for rough sea surface, when the wind speed is greater than 4.5 ms<sup>−1</sup> and less than or equal to 10.5 ms<sup>−1</sup>, the drag coefficient increases linearly with the increase of horizontal wind speed; when the wind speed is greater than 10.5 ms<sup>−1</sup> and less than or equal to 33.5 ms<sup>−1</sup>, the drag coefficient changes parabolically with the increase of wind speed; when the wind speed is greater than 33.5 ms<sup>−1</sup>, the drag coefficient is constant. Additionally, regressed from drag coefficient, the saturated wind speed threshold is 23 ms<sup>−1</sup>. Parameterizations of turbulent heat transfer coefficient (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>h</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) and water vapor transfer coefficient (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>C</mi><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) are also investigated.
format	article
author	Zhiqiu Gao Shaohui Zhou Jianbin Zhang Zhihua Zeng Xueyan Bi
author_facet	Zhiqiu Gao Shaohui Zhou Jianbin Zhang Zhihua Zeng Xueyan Bi
author_sort	Zhiqiu Gao
title	Parameterization of Sea Surface Drag Coefficient for All Wind Regimes Using 11 Aircraft Eddy-Covariance Measurement Databases
title_short	Parameterization of Sea Surface Drag Coefficient for All Wind Regimes Using 11 Aircraft Eddy-Covariance Measurement Databases
title_full	Parameterization of Sea Surface Drag Coefficient for All Wind Regimes Using 11 Aircraft Eddy-Covariance Measurement Databases
title_fullStr	Parameterization of Sea Surface Drag Coefficient for All Wind Regimes Using 11 Aircraft Eddy-Covariance Measurement Databases
title_full_unstemmed	Parameterization of Sea Surface Drag Coefficient for All Wind Regimes Using 11 Aircraft Eddy-Covariance Measurement Databases
title_sort	parameterization of sea surface drag coefficient for all wind regimes using 11 aircraft eddy-covariance measurement databases
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dd13c4de95d54474956c0e0a21a82163
work_keys_str_mv	AT zhiqiugao parameterizationofseasurfacedragcoefficientforallwindregimesusing11aircrafteddycovariancemeasurementdatabases AT shaohuizhou parameterizationofseasurfacedragcoefficientforallwindregimesusing11aircrafteddycovariancemeasurementdatabases AT jianbinzhang parameterizationofseasurfacedragcoefficientforallwindregimesusing11aircrafteddycovariancemeasurementdatabases AT zhihuazeng parameterizationofseasurfacedragcoefficientforallwindregimesusing11aircrafteddycovariancemeasurementdatabases AT xueyanbi parameterizationofseasurfacedragcoefficientforallwindregimesusing11aircrafteddycovariancemeasurementdatabases
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Parameterization of Sea Surface Drag Coefficient for All Wind Regimes Using 11 Aircraft Eddy-Covariance Measurement Databases

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