A Plant Virus Ensures Viral Stability in the Hemolymph of Vector Insects through Suppressing Prophenoloxidase Activation

ABSTRACT Most plant viruses require vector insects for transmission. Viral stability in the hemolymph of vector insects is a prerequisite for successful transmission of persistent plant viruses. However, knowledge of whether the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase (PPO) affects the stability...

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Autores principales:	Xiaofang Chen, Jinting Yu, Wei Wang, Hong Lu, Le Kang, Feng Cui
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	plant virus rice stripe virus NS3 vector insect small brown planthopper prophenoloxidase Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dd2b4d4bb20249b88e898748d6ac4200
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dd2b4d4bb20249b88e898748d6ac42002021-11-15T15:56:44ZA Plant Virus Ensures Viral Stability in the Hemolymph of Vector Insects through Suppressing Prophenoloxidase Activation10.1128/mBio.01453-202150-7511https://doaj.org/article/dd2b4d4bb20249b88e898748d6ac42002020-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01453-20https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Most plant viruses require vector insects for transmission. Viral stability in the hemolymph of vector insects is a prerequisite for successful transmission of persistent plant viruses. However, knowledge of whether the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase (PPO) affects the stability of persistent plant viruses remains elusive. Here, we explored the interplay between rice stripe virus (RSV) and the PPO cascade of the vector small brown planthopper. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity was suppressed by RSV by approximately 60%. When the PPO cascade was activated, we found distinct melanization around RSV particles and serious damage to viral stability in the hemolymph. Viral suppression of PO activity was derived from obstruction of proteolytic cleavage of PPOs by binding of the viral nonstructural protein NS3. These results indicate that RSV attenuates the PPO response to ensure viral stability in the hemolymph of vector insects. Our research provides enlightening cues for controlling the transmission of vector-borne viruses. IMPORTANCE Large ratios of vector-borne plant viruses circulate in the hemolymph of their vector insects before entering the salivary glands to be transmitted to plants. The stability of virions in the hemolymph is vital in this process. Activation of the proteolytic prophenoloxidase (PPO) to produce active phenoloxidase (PO) is one of the major innate immune pathways in insect hemolymph. How a plant virus copes with the PPO immune reaction in its vector insect remains unclear. Here, we report that the PPO affects the stability of rice stripe virus (RSV), a notorious rice virus, in the hemolymph of a vector insect, the small brown planthopper. RSV suppresses PPO activation using viral nonstructural protein. Once the level of PO activity is elevated, RSV is melanized and eliminated from the hemolymph. Our work gives valuable clues for developing novel strategies for controlling the transmission of vector-borne plant viruses.Xiaofang ChenJinting YuWei WangHong LuLe KangFeng CuiAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticleplant virusrice stripe virusNS3vector insectsmall brown planthopperprophenoloxidaseMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 11, Iss 4 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	plant virus rice stripe virus NS3 vector insect small brown planthopper prophenoloxidase Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	plant virus rice stripe virus NS3 vector insect small brown planthopper prophenoloxidase Microbiology QR1-502 Xiaofang Chen Jinting Yu Wei Wang Hong Lu Le Kang Feng Cui A Plant Virus Ensures Viral Stability in the Hemolymph of Vector Insects through Suppressing Prophenoloxidase Activation
description	ABSTRACT Most plant viruses require vector insects for transmission. Viral stability in the hemolymph of vector insects is a prerequisite for successful transmission of persistent plant viruses. However, knowledge of whether the proteolytic activation of prophenoloxidase (PPO) affects the stability of persistent plant viruses remains elusive. Here, we explored the interplay between rice stripe virus (RSV) and the PPO cascade of the vector small brown planthopper. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity was suppressed by RSV by approximately 60%. When the PPO cascade was activated, we found distinct melanization around RSV particles and serious damage to viral stability in the hemolymph. Viral suppression of PO activity was derived from obstruction of proteolytic cleavage of PPOs by binding of the viral nonstructural protein NS3. These results indicate that RSV attenuates the PPO response to ensure viral stability in the hemolymph of vector insects. Our research provides enlightening cues for controlling the transmission of vector-borne viruses. IMPORTANCE Large ratios of vector-borne plant viruses circulate in the hemolymph of their vector insects before entering the salivary glands to be transmitted to plants. The stability of virions in the hemolymph is vital in this process. Activation of the proteolytic prophenoloxidase (PPO) to produce active phenoloxidase (PO) is one of the major innate immune pathways in insect hemolymph. How a plant virus copes with the PPO immune reaction in its vector insect remains unclear. Here, we report that the PPO affects the stability of rice stripe virus (RSV), a notorious rice virus, in the hemolymph of a vector insect, the small brown planthopper. RSV suppresses PPO activation using viral nonstructural protein. Once the level of PO activity is elevated, RSV is melanized and eliminated from the hemolymph. Our work gives valuable clues for developing novel strategies for controlling the transmission of vector-borne plant viruses.
format	article
author	Xiaofang Chen Jinting Yu Wei Wang Hong Lu Le Kang Feng Cui
author_facet	Xiaofang Chen Jinting Yu Wei Wang Hong Lu Le Kang Feng Cui
author_sort	Xiaofang Chen
title	A Plant Virus Ensures Viral Stability in the Hemolymph of Vector Insects through Suppressing Prophenoloxidase Activation
title_short	A Plant Virus Ensures Viral Stability in the Hemolymph of Vector Insects through Suppressing Prophenoloxidase Activation
title_full	A Plant Virus Ensures Viral Stability in the Hemolymph of Vector Insects through Suppressing Prophenoloxidase Activation
title_fullStr	A Plant Virus Ensures Viral Stability in the Hemolymph of Vector Insects through Suppressing Prophenoloxidase Activation
title_full_unstemmed	A Plant Virus Ensures Viral Stability in the Hemolymph of Vector Insects through Suppressing Prophenoloxidase Activation
title_sort	plant virus ensures viral stability in the hemolymph of vector insects through suppressing prophenoloxidase activation
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/dd2b4d4bb20249b88e898748d6ac4200
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A Plant Virus Ensures Viral Stability in the Hemolymph of Vector Insects through Suppressing Prophenoloxidase Activation

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