Study of Radioactivity in Bajaur Norite Exposed in the Himalayan Tectonic Zone of Northern Pakistan

Radioactivity in Granites of Pakistan systematically increases from south to north. The Ambella Granite found at the northern edge of Pakistan is highly radioactive. Radioactivity measurements made on, so called, Bajaur Granite, located in northern Pakistan, have been found to be lowest among all th...

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Autores principales:	Hannan Younis, Farooq Ahmad, Ramoona Shehzadi, Ishrat Asghar, Tanveer Ahmad, Muhammad Ajaz, Muhammad Waqas, Khurram Mehboob, Aziz Ahmad Qureshi, Abd Al Karim Haj Ismail
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	measuring radiation radio active materials building materials Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dd869beadcbf4c90a24ee71fe3f71b32
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dd869beadcbf4c90a24ee71fe3f71b322021-11-25T16:43:58ZStudy of Radioactivity in Bajaur Norite Exposed in the Himalayan Tectonic Zone of Northern Pakistan10.3390/atmos121113852073-4433https://doaj.org/article/dd869beadcbf4c90a24ee71fe3f71b322021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1385https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433Radioactivity in Granites of Pakistan systematically increases from south to north. The Ambella Granite found at the northern edge of Pakistan is highly radioactive. Radioactivity measurements made on, so called, Bajaur Granite, located in northern Pakistan, have been found to be lowest among all the granitic rock of the area. In order to find out the exact nature of Bajaur rocks, mineralogical studies were carried on rock chips and powdered samples. The Bajaur Norite contains plagioclase feldspar more than 45% as the chief constituent. Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene are 27% and 18%. Quartz, biotite, and some opaque minerals are also found in accessory amounts. Bajaur Granite is in fact not a granite but Norite, which is rich in Na-Ca plagioclase series of feldspars. The plagioclase feldspar rich in Na-Ca are low in radioactivity. Moreover, the average gamma activities of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>226</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>Ra, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>232</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>Th, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>40</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>K (4.98 ± 0.13 Bqkg <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, 4.03 ± 0.31 Bqkg <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, 204.40 ± 4.72 Bqkg <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and a total of all three radionuclides are 214.00 ± 5.39 Bqkg <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>) for Bajaur Norites are found too be much less than the average of the world’s Granites. Indoor and outdoor hazard indices of Bajaur Norite are much below building materials used throughout the world and largely beneath their criterion restrictions. As per radiations’ hazards are concerned, the Bajaur Norite as a building stone may be considered as the safest material available in the area that does not pose any radiological hazard.Hannan YounisFarooq AhmadRamoona ShehzadiIshrat AsgharTanveer AhmadMuhammad AjazMuhammad WaqasKhurram MehboobAziz Ahmad QureshiAbd Al Karim Haj IsmailMDPI AGarticlemeasuring radiationradio active materialsbuilding materialsMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1385, p 1385 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	measuring radiation radio active materials building materials Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	measuring radiation radio active materials building materials Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Hannan Younis Farooq Ahmad Ramoona Shehzadi Ishrat Asghar Tanveer Ahmad Muhammad Ajaz Muhammad Waqas Khurram Mehboob Aziz Ahmad Qureshi Abd Al Karim Haj Ismail Study of Radioactivity in Bajaur Norite Exposed in the Himalayan Tectonic Zone of Northern Pakistan
description	Radioactivity in Granites of Pakistan systematically increases from south to north. The Ambella Granite found at the northern edge of Pakistan is highly radioactive. Radioactivity measurements made on, so called, Bajaur Granite, located in northern Pakistan, have been found to be lowest among all the granitic rock of the area. In order to find out the exact nature of Bajaur rocks, mineralogical studies were carried on rock chips and powdered samples. The Bajaur Norite contains plagioclase feldspar more than 45% as the chief constituent. Orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene are 27% and 18%. Quartz, biotite, and some opaque minerals are also found in accessory amounts. Bajaur Granite is in fact not a granite but Norite, which is rich in Na-Ca plagioclase series of feldspars. The plagioclase feldspar rich in Na-Ca are low in radioactivity. Moreover, the average gamma activities of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>226</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>Ra, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>232</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>Th, and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>40</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>K (4.98 ± 0.13 Bqkg <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, 4.03 ± 0.31 Bqkg <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, 204.40 ± 4.72 Bqkg <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and a total of all three radionuclides are 214.00 ± 5.39 Bqkg <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>) for Bajaur Norites are found too be much less than the average of the world’s Granites. Indoor and outdoor hazard indices of Bajaur Norite are much below building materials used throughout the world and largely beneath their criterion restrictions. As per radiations’ hazards are concerned, the Bajaur Norite as a building stone may be considered as the safest material available in the area that does not pose any radiological hazard.
format	article
author	Hannan Younis Farooq Ahmad Ramoona Shehzadi Ishrat Asghar Tanveer Ahmad Muhammad Ajaz Muhammad Waqas Khurram Mehboob Aziz Ahmad Qureshi Abd Al Karim Haj Ismail
author_facet	Hannan Younis Farooq Ahmad Ramoona Shehzadi Ishrat Asghar Tanveer Ahmad Muhammad Ajaz Muhammad Waqas Khurram Mehboob Aziz Ahmad Qureshi Abd Al Karim Haj Ismail
author_sort	Hannan Younis
title	Study of Radioactivity in Bajaur Norite Exposed in the Himalayan Tectonic Zone of Northern Pakistan
title_short	Study of Radioactivity in Bajaur Norite Exposed in the Himalayan Tectonic Zone of Northern Pakistan
title_full	Study of Radioactivity in Bajaur Norite Exposed in the Himalayan Tectonic Zone of Northern Pakistan
title_fullStr	Study of Radioactivity in Bajaur Norite Exposed in the Himalayan Tectonic Zone of Northern Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed	Study of Radioactivity in Bajaur Norite Exposed in the Himalayan Tectonic Zone of Northern Pakistan
title_sort	study of radioactivity in bajaur norite exposed in the himalayan tectonic zone of northern pakistan
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dd869beadcbf4c90a24ee71fe3f71b32
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Study of Radioactivity in Bajaur Norite Exposed in the Himalayan Tectonic Zone of Northern Pakistan

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