Etiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common systemic inflammatory rheumatic disease. It is associated with significant burden at the patient and societal level. Extensive efforts have been devoted to identifying a potential cause for the development of RA. Epidemiological studies have thoroughly in...

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Autores principales:	Vasco C. Romão, João Eurico Fonseca
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	rheumatoid arthritis etiology risk factors pathogenesis pre-rheumatoid arthritis pre-RA Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dd86e1e5563e4409b68f1ac10e9a9bd3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dd86e1e5563e4409b68f1ac10e9a9bd32021-12-01T06:24:25ZEtiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review2296-858X10.3389/fmed.2021.689698https://doaj.org/article/dd86e1e5563e4409b68f1ac10e9a9bd32021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.689698/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-858XRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common systemic inflammatory rheumatic disease. It is associated with significant burden at the patient and societal level. Extensive efforts have been devoted to identifying a potential cause for the development of RA. Epidemiological studies have thoroughly investigated the association of several factors with the risk and course of RA. Although a precise etiology remains elusive, the current understanding is that RA is a multifactorial disease, wherein complex interactions between host and environmental factors determine the overall risk of disease susceptibility, persistence and severity. Risk factors related to the host that have been associated with RA development may be divided into genetic; epigenetic; hormonal, reproductive and neuroendocrine; and comorbid host factors. In turn, environmental risk factors include smoking and other airborne exposures; microbiota and infectious agents; diet; and socioeconomic factors. In the present narrative review, aimed at clinicians and researchers in the field of RA, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the current knowledge on this topic, focusing on recent progresses that have improved our comprehension of disease risk and development.Vasco C. RomãoVasco C. RomãoJoão Eurico FonsecaJoão Eurico FonsecaFrontiers Media S.A.articlerheumatoid arthritisetiologyrisk factorspathogenesispre-rheumatoid arthritispre-RAMedicine (General)R5-920ENFrontiers in Medicine, Vol 8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	rheumatoid arthritis etiology risk factors pathogenesis pre-rheumatoid arthritis pre-RA Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	rheumatoid arthritis etiology risk factors pathogenesis pre-rheumatoid arthritis pre-RA Medicine (General) R5-920 Vasco C. Romão Vasco C. Romão João Eurico Fonseca João Eurico Fonseca Etiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review
description	Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common systemic inflammatory rheumatic disease. It is associated with significant burden at the patient and societal level. Extensive efforts have been devoted to identifying a potential cause for the development of RA. Epidemiological studies have thoroughly investigated the association of several factors with the risk and course of RA. Although a precise etiology remains elusive, the current understanding is that RA is a multifactorial disease, wherein complex interactions between host and environmental factors determine the overall risk of disease susceptibility, persistence and severity. Risk factors related to the host that have been associated with RA development may be divided into genetic; epigenetic; hormonal, reproductive and neuroendocrine; and comorbid host factors. In turn, environmental risk factors include smoking and other airborne exposures; microbiota and infectious agents; diet; and socioeconomic factors. In the present narrative review, aimed at clinicians and researchers in the field of RA, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the current knowledge on this topic, focusing on recent progresses that have improved our comprehension of disease risk and development.
format	article
author	Vasco C. Romão Vasco C. Romão João Eurico Fonseca João Eurico Fonseca
author_facet	Vasco C. Romão Vasco C. Romão João Eurico Fonseca João Eurico Fonseca
author_sort	Vasco C. Romão
title	Etiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review
title_short	Etiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review
title_full	Etiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review
title_fullStr	Etiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review
title_full_unstemmed	Etiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review
title_sort	etiology and risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis: a state-of-the-art review
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dd86e1e5563e4409b68f1ac10e9a9bd3
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Etiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review

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