The Application of a Self-Organizing Model for the Estimation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) in Soybean with Different Watering Levels

A field experiment was conducted with soybean to observe evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water stress index (CWSI) with three watering levels at Keszthely, Hungary, during the growing seasons 2017–2020. The three different watering levels were rainfed, unlimited, and water stress in flowering. Trad...

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Autores principales:	Angela Anda, Brigitta Simon-Gáspár, Gábor Soós
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	CWSI evapotranspiration K-SOM analysis WUE soybean water stress Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dd8a86b81ac64f709d25360c72dc4221
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dd8a86b81ac64f709d25360c72dc42212021-11-25T19:16:42ZThe Application of a Self-Organizing Model for the Estimation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) in Soybean with Different Watering Levels10.3390/w132233062073-4441https://doaj.org/article/dd8a86b81ac64f709d25360c72dc42212021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3306https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441A field experiment was conducted with soybean to observe evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water stress index (CWSI) with three watering levels at Keszthely, Hungary, during the growing seasons 2017–2020. The three different watering levels were rainfed, unlimited, and water stress in flowering. Traditional and converted evapotranspirometers documented water stress levels in two soybean varieties (Sinara, Sigalia), with differing water demands. ET totals with no significant differences between varieties varied from 291.9 to 694.9 mm in dry, and from 205.5 to 615.6 mm in wet seasons. Theoretical CWSI, CWSI<sub>t</sub> was computed using the method of Jackson. One of the seasons, the wet 2020 had to be excluded from the CWSI<sub>t</sub> analysis because of uncertain canopy temperature, T<sub>c</sub> data. Seasonal mean CWSI<sub>t</sub> and T<sub>c</sub> were inversely related to water use efficiency. An unsupervised Kohonen self-organizing map (K-SOM) was developed to predict the CWSI, CWSI<sub>p</sub> based on easily accessible meteorological variables and T<sub>c</sub>. In the prediction, the CWSI<sub>p</sub> of three watering levels and two varieties covered a wide range of index values. The results suggest that CWSI<sub>p</sub> modelling with the minimum amount of input data provided opportunity for reliable CWSI<sub>p</sub> predictions in every water treatment (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.935–0.953; RMSE = 0.033–0.068 mm, MAE = 0.026–0.158, NSE = 0.336–0.901, SI = 0.095–0.182) that could be useful in water stress management of soybean. However, highly variable weather conditions in the mild continental climate of Hungary might limit the potential of CWSI application. The results in the study suggest that a less than 450 mm seasonal precipitation caused yield reduction. Therefore, a 100–160 mm additional water use could be recommended during the dry growing seasons of the country. The 150 year-long local meteorological data indicated that 6 growing seasons out of 10 are short of precipitation in rainfed soybean.Angela AndaBrigitta Simon-GáspárGábor SoósMDPI AGarticleCWSIevapotranspirationK-SOM analysisWUEsoybeanwater stressHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3306, p 3306 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	CWSI evapotranspiration K-SOM analysis WUE soybean water stress Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	CWSI evapotranspiration K-SOM analysis WUE soybean water stress Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Angela Anda Brigitta Simon-Gáspár Gábor Soós The Application of a Self-Organizing Model for the Estimation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) in Soybean with Different Watering Levels
description	A field experiment was conducted with soybean to observe evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water stress index (CWSI) with three watering levels at Keszthely, Hungary, during the growing seasons 2017–2020. The three different watering levels were rainfed, unlimited, and water stress in flowering. Traditional and converted evapotranspirometers documented water stress levels in two soybean varieties (Sinara, Sigalia), with differing water demands. ET totals with no significant differences between varieties varied from 291.9 to 694.9 mm in dry, and from 205.5 to 615.6 mm in wet seasons. Theoretical CWSI, CWSI<sub>t</sub> was computed using the method of Jackson. One of the seasons, the wet 2020 had to be excluded from the CWSI<sub>t</sub> analysis because of uncertain canopy temperature, T<sub>c</sub> data. Seasonal mean CWSI<sub>t</sub> and T<sub>c</sub> were inversely related to water use efficiency. An unsupervised Kohonen self-organizing map (K-SOM) was developed to predict the CWSI, CWSI<sub>p</sub> based on easily accessible meteorological variables and T<sub>c</sub>. In the prediction, the CWSI<sub>p</sub> of three watering levels and two varieties covered a wide range of index values. The results suggest that CWSI<sub>p</sub> modelling with the minimum amount of input data provided opportunity for reliable CWSI<sub>p</sub> predictions in every water treatment (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.935–0.953; RMSE = 0.033–0.068 mm, MAE = 0.026–0.158, NSE = 0.336–0.901, SI = 0.095–0.182) that could be useful in water stress management of soybean. However, highly variable weather conditions in the mild continental climate of Hungary might limit the potential of CWSI application. The results in the study suggest that a less than 450 mm seasonal precipitation caused yield reduction. Therefore, a 100–160 mm additional water use could be recommended during the dry growing seasons of the country. The 150 year-long local meteorological data indicated that 6 growing seasons out of 10 are short of precipitation in rainfed soybean.
format	article
author	Angela Anda Brigitta Simon-Gáspár Gábor Soós
author_facet	Angela Anda Brigitta Simon-Gáspár Gábor Soós
author_sort	Angela Anda
title	The Application of a Self-Organizing Model for the Estimation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) in Soybean with Different Watering Levels
title_short	The Application of a Self-Organizing Model for the Estimation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) in Soybean with Different Watering Levels
title_full	The Application of a Self-Organizing Model for the Estimation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) in Soybean with Different Watering Levels
title_fullStr	The Application of a Self-Organizing Model for the Estimation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) in Soybean with Different Watering Levels
title_full_unstemmed	The Application of a Self-Organizing Model for the Estimation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) in Soybean with Different Watering Levels
title_sort	application of a self-organizing model for the estimation of crop water stress index (cwsi) in soybean with different watering levels
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dd8a86b81ac64f709d25360c72dc4221
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The Application of a Self-Organizing Model for the Estimation of Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) in Soybean with Different Watering Levels

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