Processing Point Clouds Using Simulated Physical Processes as Replacements of Conventional Mathematically Based Procedures: A Theoretical Virtual Measurement for Stem Volume

Conventional mathematically based procedures in forest data processing have some problems, such as deviations between the natural tree and the tree described using mathematical expressions, and manual selection of equations and parameters. These problems are rooted at the algorithmic level. Our solu...

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Autores principales:	Zhichao Wang, Yan-Jun Shen, Xiaoyuan Zhang, Yao Zhao, Christiane Schmullius
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	stem volume computational virtual measurement physical simulation virtual measuring instrument PhysX Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dd9110fa72254953b9ca3257ea963bb5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dd9110fa72254953b9ca3257ea963bb52021-11-25T18:54:56ZProcessing Point Clouds Using Simulated Physical Processes as Replacements of Conventional Mathematically Based Procedures: A Theoretical Virtual Measurement for Stem Volume10.3390/rs132246272072-4292https://doaj.org/article/dd9110fa72254953b9ca3257ea963bb52021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4627https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292Conventional mathematically based procedures in forest data processing have some problems, such as deviations between the natural tree and the tree described using mathematical expressions, and manual selection of equations and parameters. These problems are rooted at the algorithmic level. Our solution for these problems was to process raw data using simulated physical processes as replacements of conventional mathematically based procedures. In this mechanism, we treated the data points as solid objects and formed virtual trees. Afterward, the tree parameters were obtained by the external physical detection, i.e., computational virtual measurement (CVM). CVM simulated the physical behavior of measurement instruments in reality to measure virtual trees. Namely, the CVM process was a pure (simulated) physical process. In order to verify our assumption of CVM, we developed the virtual water displacement (VWD) application. VWD could extract stem volume from an artificial stem (consisted of 2000 points) by simulating the physical scenario of a water displacement method. Compared to conventional mathematically based methods, VWD removed the need to predefine the shape of the stem and minimized human interference. That was because VWD utilized the natural contours of the stem through the interaction between the point cloud and the virtual water molecules. The results showed that the stem volume measured using VWD was 29,636 cm<sup>3</sup> (overestimation at 6.0%), where the true volume was 27,946 cm<sup>3</sup>. The overall feasibility of CVM was proven by the successful development of VWD. Meanwhile, technical experiences, current limitations, and potential solutions were discussed. We considered CVM as a generic method that focuses the objectivity at the algorithmic level, which will become a noteworthy development direction in the field of forest data processing in the future.Zhichao WangYan-Jun ShenXiaoyuan ZhangYao ZhaoChristiane SchmulliusMDPI AGarticlestem volumecomputational virtual measurementphysical simulationvirtual measuring instrumentPhysXScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4627, p 4627 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	stem volume computational virtual measurement physical simulation virtual measuring instrument PhysX Science Q
spellingShingle	stem volume computational virtual measurement physical simulation virtual measuring instrument PhysX Science Q Zhichao Wang Yan-Jun Shen Xiaoyuan Zhang Yao Zhao Christiane Schmullius Processing Point Clouds Using Simulated Physical Processes as Replacements of Conventional Mathematically Based Procedures: A Theoretical Virtual Measurement for Stem Volume
description	Conventional mathematically based procedures in forest data processing have some problems, such as deviations between the natural tree and the tree described using mathematical expressions, and manual selection of equations and parameters. These problems are rooted at the algorithmic level. Our solution for these problems was to process raw data using simulated physical processes as replacements of conventional mathematically based procedures. In this mechanism, we treated the data points as solid objects and formed virtual trees. Afterward, the tree parameters were obtained by the external physical detection, i.e., computational virtual measurement (CVM). CVM simulated the physical behavior of measurement instruments in reality to measure virtual trees. Namely, the CVM process was a pure (simulated) physical process. In order to verify our assumption of CVM, we developed the virtual water displacement (VWD) application. VWD could extract stem volume from an artificial stem (consisted of 2000 points) by simulating the physical scenario of a water displacement method. Compared to conventional mathematically based methods, VWD removed the need to predefine the shape of the stem and minimized human interference. That was because VWD utilized the natural contours of the stem through the interaction between the point cloud and the virtual water molecules. The results showed that the stem volume measured using VWD was 29,636 cm<sup>3</sup> (overestimation at 6.0%), where the true volume was 27,946 cm<sup>3</sup>. The overall feasibility of CVM was proven by the successful development of VWD. Meanwhile, technical experiences, current limitations, and potential solutions were discussed. We considered CVM as a generic method that focuses the objectivity at the algorithmic level, which will become a noteworthy development direction in the field of forest data processing in the future.
format	article
author	Zhichao Wang Yan-Jun Shen Xiaoyuan Zhang Yao Zhao Christiane Schmullius
author_facet	Zhichao Wang Yan-Jun Shen Xiaoyuan Zhang Yao Zhao Christiane Schmullius
author_sort	Zhichao Wang
title	Processing Point Clouds Using Simulated Physical Processes as Replacements of Conventional Mathematically Based Procedures: A Theoretical Virtual Measurement for Stem Volume
title_short	Processing Point Clouds Using Simulated Physical Processes as Replacements of Conventional Mathematically Based Procedures: A Theoretical Virtual Measurement for Stem Volume
title_full	Processing Point Clouds Using Simulated Physical Processes as Replacements of Conventional Mathematically Based Procedures: A Theoretical Virtual Measurement for Stem Volume
title_fullStr	Processing Point Clouds Using Simulated Physical Processes as Replacements of Conventional Mathematically Based Procedures: A Theoretical Virtual Measurement for Stem Volume
title_full_unstemmed	Processing Point Clouds Using Simulated Physical Processes as Replacements of Conventional Mathematically Based Procedures: A Theoretical Virtual Measurement for Stem Volume
title_sort	processing point clouds using simulated physical processes as replacements of conventional mathematically based procedures: a theoretical virtual measurement for stem volume
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dd9110fa72254953b9ca3257ea963bb5
work_keys_str_mv	AT zhichaowang processingpointcloudsusingsimulatedphysicalprocessesasreplacementsofconventionalmathematicallybasedproceduresatheoreticalvirtualmeasurementforstemvolume AT yanjunshen processingpointcloudsusingsimulatedphysicalprocessesasreplacementsofconventionalmathematicallybasedproceduresatheoreticalvirtualmeasurementforstemvolume AT xiaoyuanzhang processingpointcloudsusingsimulatedphysicalprocessesasreplacementsofconventionalmathematicallybasedproceduresatheoreticalvirtualmeasurementforstemvolume AT yaozhao processingpointcloudsusingsimulatedphysicalprocessesasreplacementsofconventionalmathematicallybasedproceduresatheoreticalvirtualmeasurementforstemvolume AT christianeschmullius processingpointcloudsusingsimulatedphysicalprocessesasreplacementsofconventionalmathematicallybasedproceduresatheoreticalvirtualmeasurementforstemvolume
_version_	1718410557884727296

Processing Point Clouds Using Simulated Physical Processes as Replacements of Conventional Mathematically Based Procedures: A Theoretical Virtual Measurement for Stem Volume

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