Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates.

<h4>Background</h4>Cryptococcusgattii infections are being reported in the United States (US) with increasing frequency. Initially, US reports were primarily associated with an ongoing C. gattii outbreak in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington and Oregon, starting in 2004. Ho...

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Autores principales:	Shawn R Lockhart, Naureen Iqbal, Julie R Harris, Nina T Grossman, Emilio DeBess, Ron Wohrle, Nicola Marsden-Haug, Duc J Vugia
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dd9897bef01f485db2f9578d1e64b784
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dd9897bef01f485db2f9578d1e64b7842021-11-18T08:57:06ZCryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0074737https://doaj.org/article/dd9897bef01f485db2f9578d1e64b7842013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24019979/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Cryptococcusgattii infections are being reported in the United States (US) with increasing frequency. Initially, US reports were primarily associated with an ongoing C. gattii outbreak in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington and Oregon, starting in 2004. However, reports of C. gattii infections in patients from other US states have been increasing since 2009. Whether this is due to increasing frequency of disease, greater recognition within the clinical community, or both is currently unknown.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>During 2005-2013, a total of 273 C. gattii isolates from human and veterinary sources in 16 US states were collected. Of these, 214 (78%) were from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and comprised primarily the clonal C. gattii genotypes VGIIa (64%), VGIIc (21%) and VGIIb (9%). The 59 isolates from outside the PNW were predominantly molecular types VGIII (44%) and VGI (41%). Genotyping using multilocus sequence typing revealed small clusters, including a cluster of VGI isolates from the southeastern US, and an unrelated cluster of VGI isolates and a large cluster of VGIII isolates from California. Most of the isolates were mating type MATα, including all of the VGII isolates, but one VGI and three VGIII isolates were mating type MATa.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>We provide the most comprehensive report to date of genotypic diversity of US C. gattii isolates both inside and outside of the PNW. C. gattii may have multiple endemic regions in the US, including a previously-unrecognized endemic region in the southeast. Regional clusters exist both in California and the Southeastern US. VGII strains associated with the PNW outbreak do not appear to have spread substantially beyond the PNW.Shawn R LockhartNaureen IqbalJulie R HarrisNina T GrossmanEmilio DeBessRon WohrleNicola Marsden-HaugDuc J VugiaPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 9, p e74737 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Shawn R Lockhart Naureen Iqbal Julie R Harris Nina T Grossman Emilio DeBess Ron Wohrle Nicola Marsden-Haug Duc J Vugia Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Cryptococcusgattii infections are being reported in the United States (US) with increasing frequency. Initially, US reports were primarily associated with an ongoing C. gattii outbreak in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) states of Washington and Oregon, starting in 2004. However, reports of C. gattii infections in patients from other US states have been increasing since 2009. Whether this is due to increasing frequency of disease, greater recognition within the clinical community, or both is currently unknown.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>During 2005-2013, a total of 273 C. gattii isolates from human and veterinary sources in 16 US states were collected. Of these, 214 (78%) were from the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and comprised primarily the clonal C. gattii genotypes VGIIa (64%), VGIIc (21%) and VGIIb (9%). The 59 isolates from outside the PNW were predominantly molecular types VGIII (44%) and VGI (41%). Genotyping using multilocus sequence typing revealed small clusters, including a cluster of VGI isolates from the southeastern US, and an unrelated cluster of VGI isolates and a large cluster of VGIII isolates from California. Most of the isolates were mating type MATα, including all of the VGII isolates, but one VGI and three VGIII isolates were mating type MATa.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>We provide the most comprehensive report to date of genotypic diversity of US C. gattii isolates both inside and outside of the PNW. C. gattii may have multiple endemic regions in the US, including a previously-unrecognized endemic region in the southeast. Regional clusters exist both in California and the Southeastern US. VGII strains associated with the PNW outbreak do not appear to have spread substantially beyond the PNW.
format	article
author	Shawn R Lockhart Naureen Iqbal Julie R Harris Nina T Grossman Emilio DeBess Ron Wohrle Nicola Marsden-Haug Duc J Vugia
author_facet	Shawn R Lockhart Naureen Iqbal Julie R Harris Nina T Grossman Emilio DeBess Ron Wohrle Nicola Marsden-Haug Duc J Vugia
author_sort	Shawn R Lockhart
title	Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates.
title_short	Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates.
title_full	Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates.
title_fullStr	Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates.
title_full_unstemmed	Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates.
title_sort	cryptococcus gattii in the united states: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/dd9897bef01f485db2f9578d1e64b784
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Cryptococcus gattii in the United States: genotypic diversity of human and veterinary isolates.

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