Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments

While ambitious carbon reduction policies are needed to avoid dangerous levels of climate change, the costs of these policies can be balanced by wide ranging health benefits for local communities. Cities, responsible for ~70% of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and home to a growing m...

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Autores principales:	Maria D. Castillo, Susan C. Anenberg, Zoe A. Chafe, Rachel Huxley, Lauren S. Johnson, Iyad Kheirbek, Maha Malik, Julian D. Marshall, Seneca Naidoo, Margaret L. Nelson, Nicholas V. Pendleton, Yuantong Sun, Honorine van den Broek d'Obrenan, Patrick L. Kinney
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	climate action plans urban health green space air quality physical activity noise exposure Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/de19d724a124482d8d217ecc0643372d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:de19d724a124482d8d217ecc0643372d2021-11-17T13:55:39ZQuantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments2624-963410.3389/frsc.2021.768227https://doaj.org/article/de19d724a124482d8d217ecc0643372d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frsc.2021.768227/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2624-9634While ambitious carbon reduction policies are needed to avoid dangerous levels of climate change, the costs of these policies can be balanced by wide ranging health benefits for local communities. Cities, responsible for ~70% of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and home to a growing majority of the world's population, offer enormous opportunities for both climate action and health improvement. We aim to review the current state of knowledge on key pathways leading from carbon mitigation to human health benefits, and to evaluate our current ability to quantify health benefits for cities around the world. For example, because GHGs and air pollutants are both released during fuel combustion, reducing fuel burning can reduce both GHGs and air pollutants, leading to direct health benefits. Air quality improvements may be particularly important for city-scale climate action planning because the benefits occur locally and relatively immediately, compared with the global and long-term (typically, decades to centuries) benefits for the climate system. In addition to improved air quality, actions that promote active transport in cities via improved cycling and pedestrian infrastructure can reap large cardiovascular health benefits via increased physical activity. Exposure to green space has been associated with beneficial health outcomes in a growing number of epidemiological studies and meta-analyses conducted around the world. Finally, noise is an underappreciated environmental risk factor in cities which can be addressed through actions to reduce motor vehicle traffic and other noise sources. All of these environmental health pathways are supported by well-conducted epidemiological studies in multiple locales, providing quantitative exposure–response data that can be used as inputs to health impact assessments (HIAs). However, most epidemiologic evidence derives from studies in high-income countries. It is unclear to what extent such evidence is directly transferable for policies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This gap calls for a future focus on building the evidence based in LMIC cities. Finally, the literature suggests that policies are likely to be most effective when they are developed by multidisciplinary teams that include policy makers, researchers, and representatives from affected communities.Maria D. CastilloSusan C. AnenbergZoe A. ChafeRachel HuxleyLauren S. JohnsonIyad KheirbekMaha MalikJulian D. MarshallSeneca NaidooMargaret L. NelsonNicholas V. PendletonYuantong SunHonorine van den Broek d'ObrenanPatrick L. KinneyFrontiers Media S.A.articleclimate action plansurban healthgreen spaceair qualityphysical activitynoise exposureScience (General)Q1-390Social sciences (General)H1-99ENFrontiers in Sustainable Cities, Vol 3 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	climate action plans urban health green space air quality physical activity noise exposure Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99
spellingShingle	climate action plans urban health green space air quality physical activity noise exposure Science (General) Q1-390 Social sciences (General) H1-99 Maria D. Castillo Susan C. Anenberg Zoe A. Chafe Rachel Huxley Lauren S. Johnson Iyad Kheirbek Maha Malik Julian D. Marshall Seneca Naidoo Margaret L. Nelson Nicholas V. Pendleton Yuantong Sun Honorine van den Broek d'Obrenan Patrick L. Kinney Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments
description	While ambitious carbon reduction policies are needed to avoid dangerous levels of climate change, the costs of these policies can be balanced by wide ranging health benefits for local communities. Cities, responsible for ~70% of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and home to a growing majority of the world's population, offer enormous opportunities for both climate action and health improvement. We aim to review the current state of knowledge on key pathways leading from carbon mitigation to human health benefits, and to evaluate our current ability to quantify health benefits for cities around the world. For example, because GHGs and air pollutants are both released during fuel combustion, reducing fuel burning can reduce both GHGs and air pollutants, leading to direct health benefits. Air quality improvements may be particularly important for city-scale climate action planning because the benefits occur locally and relatively immediately, compared with the global and long-term (typically, decades to centuries) benefits for the climate system. In addition to improved air quality, actions that promote active transport in cities via improved cycling and pedestrian infrastructure can reap large cardiovascular health benefits via increased physical activity. Exposure to green space has been associated with beneficial health outcomes in a growing number of epidemiological studies and meta-analyses conducted around the world. Finally, noise is an underappreciated environmental risk factor in cities which can be addressed through actions to reduce motor vehicle traffic and other noise sources. All of these environmental health pathways are supported by well-conducted epidemiological studies in multiple locales, providing quantitative exposure–response data that can be used as inputs to health impact assessments (HIAs). However, most epidemiologic evidence derives from studies in high-income countries. It is unclear to what extent such evidence is directly transferable for policies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This gap calls for a future focus on building the evidence based in LMIC cities. Finally, the literature suggests that policies are likely to be most effective when they are developed by multidisciplinary teams that include policy makers, researchers, and representatives from affected communities.
format	article
author	Maria D. Castillo Susan C. Anenberg Zoe A. Chafe Rachel Huxley Lauren S. Johnson Iyad Kheirbek Maha Malik Julian D. Marshall Seneca Naidoo Margaret L. Nelson Nicholas V. Pendleton Yuantong Sun Honorine van den Broek d'Obrenan Patrick L. Kinney
author_facet	Maria D. Castillo Susan C. Anenberg Zoe A. Chafe Rachel Huxley Lauren S. Johnson Iyad Kheirbek Maha Malik Julian D. Marshall Seneca Naidoo Margaret L. Nelson Nicholas V. Pendleton Yuantong Sun Honorine van den Broek d'Obrenan Patrick L. Kinney
author_sort	Maria D. Castillo
title	Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments
title_short	Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments
title_full	Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments
title_fullStr	Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments
title_full_unstemmed	Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments
title_sort	quantifying the health benefits of urban climate mitigation actions: current state of the epidemiological evidence and application in health impact assessments
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/de19d724a124482d8d217ecc0643372d
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Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments

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