Polymeric Microparticles of Calcium Pectinate Containing Urea for Slow Release in Ruminant Diet

In ruminant feeding, mechanisms for controlling the rate of ammonia release in the rumen are important for increasing the efficiency of transforming dietary nitrogen into microbial protein. Three microencapsulated formulations, with increased urea concentrations of 10 (MPec1), 20 (MPec2) and 30% (MP...

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Autores principales:	Myrla Melo, André da Silva, Edson Silva Filho, Ronaldo Oliveira, Jarbas Silva Junior, Juliana Paula Oliveira, Antônio Vaz, José Moura, José Pereira Filho, Leilson Bezerra
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	biochemistry slow release pH and rumen temperature protozoa Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/de3c937624b04f5aa400ddad50d70996
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:de3c937624b04f5aa400ddad50d709962021-11-11T18:47:12ZPolymeric Microparticles of Calcium Pectinate Containing Urea for Slow Release in Ruminant Diet10.3390/polym132137762073-4360https://doaj.org/article/de3c937624b04f5aa400ddad50d709962021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/21/3776https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4360In ruminant feeding, mechanisms for controlling the rate of ammonia release in the rumen are important for increasing the efficiency of transforming dietary nitrogen into microbial protein. Three microencapsulated formulations, with increased urea concentrations of 10 (MPec1), 20 (MPec2) and 30% (MPec3) from the <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>, based on the mass of citrus pectin solution, employ the external ionic gelation/extrusion technique. The properties of microencapsulated urea were examined as a completely randomized design with 5 treatments each with 10 replicates for evaluation, and the ratios of dietary to free urea were compared using 5 fistulated male Santa Ines sheep in a Latin 5 × 5 square design. The degradation kinetics showed that the rate of controlled release from the microencapsulated systems was significantly reduced compared with that of free urea (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The population density of ruminal protozoa increased when sheep received the microencapsulated urea (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The disappearance of dry matter and crude protein reached a degradation plateau during the first minutes for the MPec1 and MPec2 systems and was slower for MPec3. The MPec1 and MPec2 systems presented higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) blood serum concentrations of albumin, urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and total cholesterol and did not affect (<i>p</i> > 0.05) the other blood metabolites. The MPec2 systems are recommended because they consist of microspheres with more (<i>p</i> < 0.05) controlled core release, delaying the peak of urea released in the rumen and BUN without affecting (<i>p</i> < 0.05) ruminal pH and temperature. Microencapsulation with calcium pectinate provided better utilization of urea, reducing the risk of ruminant intoxication.Myrla MeloAndré da SilvaEdson Silva FilhoRonaldo OliveiraJarbas Silva JuniorJuliana Paula OliveiraAntônio VazJosé MouraJosé Pereira FilhoLeilson BezerraMDPI AGarticlebiochemistryslow releasepH and rumen temperatureprotozoaOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENPolymers, Vol 13, Iss 3776, p 3776 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	biochemistry slow release pH and rumen temperature protozoa Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	biochemistry slow release pH and rumen temperature protozoa Organic chemistry QD241-441 Myrla Melo André da Silva Edson Silva Filho Ronaldo Oliveira Jarbas Silva Junior Juliana Paula Oliveira Antônio Vaz José Moura José Pereira Filho Leilson Bezerra Polymeric Microparticles of Calcium Pectinate Containing Urea for Slow Release in Ruminant Diet
description	In ruminant feeding, mechanisms for controlling the rate of ammonia release in the rumen are important for increasing the efficiency of transforming dietary nitrogen into microbial protein. Three microencapsulated formulations, with increased urea concentrations of 10 (MPec1), 20 (MPec2) and 30% (MPec3) from the <i>w</i>/<i>w</i>, based on the mass of citrus pectin solution, employ the external ionic gelation/extrusion technique. The properties of microencapsulated urea were examined as a completely randomized design with 5 treatments each with 10 replicates for evaluation, and the ratios of dietary to free urea were compared using 5 fistulated male Santa Ines sheep in a Latin 5 × 5 square design. The degradation kinetics showed that the rate of controlled release from the microencapsulated systems was significantly reduced compared with that of free urea (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The population density of ruminal protozoa increased when sheep received the microencapsulated urea (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The disappearance of dry matter and crude protein reached a degradation plateau during the first minutes for the MPec1 and MPec2 systems and was slower for MPec3. The MPec1 and MPec2 systems presented higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) blood serum concentrations of albumin, urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and total cholesterol and did not affect (<i>p</i> > 0.05) the other blood metabolites. The MPec2 systems are recommended because they consist of microspheres with more (<i>p</i> < 0.05) controlled core release, delaying the peak of urea released in the rumen and BUN without affecting (<i>p</i> < 0.05) ruminal pH and temperature. Microencapsulation with calcium pectinate provided better utilization of urea, reducing the risk of ruminant intoxication.
format	article
author	Myrla Melo André da Silva Edson Silva Filho Ronaldo Oliveira Jarbas Silva Junior Juliana Paula Oliveira Antônio Vaz José Moura José Pereira Filho Leilson Bezerra
author_facet	Myrla Melo André da Silva Edson Silva Filho Ronaldo Oliveira Jarbas Silva Junior Juliana Paula Oliveira Antônio Vaz José Moura José Pereira Filho Leilson Bezerra
author_sort	Myrla Melo
title	Polymeric Microparticles of Calcium Pectinate Containing Urea for Slow Release in Ruminant Diet
title_short	Polymeric Microparticles of Calcium Pectinate Containing Urea for Slow Release in Ruminant Diet
title_full	Polymeric Microparticles of Calcium Pectinate Containing Urea for Slow Release in Ruminant Diet
title_fullStr	Polymeric Microparticles of Calcium Pectinate Containing Urea for Slow Release in Ruminant Diet
title_full_unstemmed	Polymeric Microparticles of Calcium Pectinate Containing Urea for Slow Release in Ruminant Diet
title_sort	polymeric microparticles of calcium pectinate containing urea for slow release in ruminant diet
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/de3c937624b04f5aa400ddad50d70996
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Polymeric Microparticles of Calcium Pectinate Containing Urea for Slow Release in Ruminant Diet

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