β-1,3-Glucan, Which Can Be Targeted by Drugs, Forms a Trabecular Scaffold in the Oocyst Walls of <italic toggle="yes">Toxoplasma</italic> and <italic toggle="yes">Eimeria</italic>

ABSTRACT The walls of infectious pathogens, which are essential for transmission, pathogenesis, and diagnosis, contain sugar polymers that are defining structural features, e.g., β-1,3-glucan and chitin in fungi, chitin in Entamoeba cysts, β-1,3-GalNAc in Giardia cysts, and peptidoglycans in bacteri...

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Autores principales:	G. Guy Bushkin, Edwin Motari, Paula Magnelli, Marc-Jan Gubbels, Jitender P. Dubey, Katarzyna B. Miska, Esther Bullitt, Catherine E. Costello, Phillips W. Robbins, John Samuelson
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Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2012
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/de73b5bc33504372be351280c253957a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:de73b5bc33504372be351280c253957a2021-11-15T15:39:12Zβ-1,3-Glucan, Which Can Be Targeted by Drugs, Forms a Trabecular Scaffold in the Oocyst Walls of <italic toggle="yes">Toxoplasma</italic> and <italic toggle="yes">Eimeria</italic>10.1128/mBio.00258-122150-7511https://doaj.org/article/de73b5bc33504372be351280c253957a2012-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00258-12https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT The walls of infectious pathogens, which are essential for transmission, pathogenesis, and diagnosis, contain sugar polymers that are defining structural features, e.g., β-1,3-glucan and chitin in fungi, chitin in Entamoeba cysts, β-1,3-GalNAc in Giardia cysts, and peptidoglycans in bacteria. The goal here was to determine in which of three walled forms of Toxoplasma gondii (oocyst, sporocyst, or tissue cyst) is β-1,3-glucan, the product of glucan synthases and glucan hydrolases predicted by whole-genome sequences of the parasite. The three most important discoveries were as follows. (i) β-1,3-glucan is present in oocyst walls of Toxoplasma and Eimeria (a chicken parasite that is a model for intestinal stages of Toxoplasma) but is absent from sporocyst and tissue cyst walls. (ii) Fibrils of β-1,3-glucan are part of a trabecular scaffold in the inner layer of the oocyst wall, which also includes a glucan hydrolase that has a novel glucan-binding domain. (iii) Echinocandins, which target the glucan synthase and kill fungi, arrest development of the Eimeria oocyst wall and prevent release of the parasites into the intestinal lumen. In summary, β-1,3-glucan, which can be targeted by drugs, is an important component of oocyst walls of Toxoplasma but is not a component of sporocyst and tissue cyst walls. IMPORTANCE We show here that walls of Toxoplasma oocysts, the infectious stage shed by cats, contain β-1,3-glucan, a sugar polymer that is a major component of fungal walls. In contrast to fungi, β-1,3-glucan is part of a trabecular scaffold in the inner layer of the oocyst wall that is independent of the permeability barrier formed by the outer layer of the wall. While glucan synthase inhibitors kill fungi, these inhibitors arrest the development of the oocyst walls of Eimeria (an important chicken pathogen that is a surrogate for Toxoplasma) and block release of oocysts into the intestinal lumen. The absence of β-1,3-glucan in tissue cysts of Toxoplasma suggests that drugs targeted at the glucan synthase might be used to treat Eimeria in chickens but not to treat Toxoplasma in people.G. Guy BushkinEdwin MotariPaula MagnelliMarc-Jan GubbelsJitender P. DubeyKatarzyna B. MiskaEsther BullittCatherine E. CostelloPhillips W. RobbinsJohn SamuelsonAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 3, Iss 5 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 G. Guy Bushkin Edwin Motari Paula Magnelli Marc-Jan Gubbels Jitender P. Dubey Katarzyna B. Miska Esther Bullitt Catherine E. Costello Phillips W. Robbins John Samuelson β-1,3-Glucan, Which Can Be Targeted by Drugs, Forms a Trabecular Scaffold in the Oocyst Walls of <italic toggle="yes">Toxoplasma</italic> and <italic toggle="yes">Eimeria</italic>
description	ABSTRACT The walls of infectious pathogens, which are essential for transmission, pathogenesis, and diagnosis, contain sugar polymers that are defining structural features, e.g., β-1,3-glucan and chitin in fungi, chitin in Entamoeba cysts, β-1,3-GalNAc in Giardia cysts, and peptidoglycans in bacteria. The goal here was to determine in which of three walled forms of Toxoplasma gondii (oocyst, sporocyst, or tissue cyst) is β-1,3-glucan, the product of glucan synthases and glucan hydrolases predicted by whole-genome sequences of the parasite. The three most important discoveries were as follows. (i) β-1,3-glucan is present in oocyst walls of Toxoplasma and Eimeria (a chicken parasite that is a model for intestinal stages of Toxoplasma) but is absent from sporocyst and tissue cyst walls. (ii) Fibrils of β-1,3-glucan are part of a trabecular scaffold in the inner layer of the oocyst wall, which also includes a glucan hydrolase that has a novel glucan-binding domain. (iii) Echinocandins, which target the glucan synthase and kill fungi, arrest development of the Eimeria oocyst wall and prevent release of the parasites into the intestinal lumen. In summary, β-1,3-glucan, which can be targeted by drugs, is an important component of oocyst walls of Toxoplasma but is not a component of sporocyst and tissue cyst walls. IMPORTANCE We show here that walls of Toxoplasma oocysts, the infectious stage shed by cats, contain β-1,3-glucan, a sugar polymer that is a major component of fungal walls. In contrast to fungi, β-1,3-glucan is part of a trabecular scaffold in the inner layer of the oocyst wall that is independent of the permeability barrier formed by the outer layer of the wall. While glucan synthase inhibitors kill fungi, these inhibitors arrest the development of the oocyst walls of Eimeria (an important chicken pathogen that is a surrogate for Toxoplasma) and block release of oocysts into the intestinal lumen. The absence of β-1,3-glucan in tissue cysts of Toxoplasma suggests that drugs targeted at the glucan synthase might be used to treat Eimeria in chickens but not to treat Toxoplasma in people.
format	article
author	G. Guy Bushkin Edwin Motari Paula Magnelli Marc-Jan Gubbels Jitender P. Dubey Katarzyna B. Miska Esther Bullitt Catherine E. Costello Phillips W. Robbins John Samuelson
author_facet	G. Guy Bushkin Edwin Motari Paula Magnelli Marc-Jan Gubbels Jitender P. Dubey Katarzyna B. Miska Esther Bullitt Catherine E. Costello Phillips W. Robbins John Samuelson
author_sort	G. Guy Bushkin
title	β-1,3-Glucan, Which Can Be Targeted by Drugs, Forms a Trabecular Scaffold in the Oocyst Walls of <italic toggle="yes">Toxoplasma</italic> and <italic toggle="yes">Eimeria</italic>
title_short	β-1,3-Glucan, Which Can Be Targeted by Drugs, Forms a Trabecular Scaffold in the Oocyst Walls of <italic toggle="yes">Toxoplasma</italic> and <italic toggle="yes">Eimeria</italic>
title_full	β-1,3-Glucan, Which Can Be Targeted by Drugs, Forms a Trabecular Scaffold in the Oocyst Walls of <italic toggle="yes">Toxoplasma</italic> and <italic toggle="yes">Eimeria</italic>
title_fullStr	β-1,3-Glucan, Which Can Be Targeted by Drugs, Forms a Trabecular Scaffold in the Oocyst Walls of <italic toggle="yes">Toxoplasma</italic> and <italic toggle="yes">Eimeria</italic>
title_full_unstemmed	β-1,3-Glucan, Which Can Be Targeted by Drugs, Forms a Trabecular Scaffold in the Oocyst Walls of <italic toggle="yes">Toxoplasma</italic> and <italic toggle="yes">Eimeria</italic>
title_sort	β-1,3-glucan, which can be targeted by drugs, forms a trabecular scaffold in the oocyst walls of <italic toggle="yes">toxoplasma</italic> and <italic toggle="yes">eimeria</italic>
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/de73b5bc33504372be351280c253957a
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β-1,3-Glucan, Which Can Be Targeted by Drugs, Forms a Trabecular Scaffold in the Oocyst Walls of <italic toggle="yes">Toxoplasma</italic> and <italic toggle="yes">Eimeria</italic>

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