Horizontal Visibility in Forests

The important variable of horizontal visibility within forest stands is gaining increasing attention in studies and applications involving terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), photographic measurements of forest structure, and autonomous mobility. We investigated distributions of visibility distance, o...

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Autores principales:	Mait Lang, Andres Kuusk, Kersti Vennik, Aive Liibusk, Kristina Türk, Allan Sims
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	open space distance to tree forest visibility distance terrestrial laser scanning tree distribution models Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/de862e21b8064163a8c5e1c2d0c4c310
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:de862e21b8064163a8c5e1c2d0c4c310
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:de862e21b8064163a8c5e1c2d0c4c3102021-11-11T18:57:37ZHorizontal Visibility in Forests10.3390/rs132144552072-4292https://doaj.org/article/de862e21b8064163a8c5e1c2d0c4c3102021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4455https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292The important variable of horizontal visibility within forest stands is gaining increasing attention in studies and applications involving terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), photographic measurements of forest structure, and autonomous mobility. We investigated distributions of visibility distance, open arc length, and shaded arc length in three mature forest stands. Our analysis was based (1) on tree position maps and TLS data collected in 2013 and 2019 with three different scanners, and (2) on simulated digital twins of the forest stands, constructed with two pattern-generation models incorporating commonly used indices of tree position clumping. The model simulations were found to yield values for visibility almost identical to those calculated from the corresponding tree location maps. The TLS measurements, however, were found to diverge notably from the simulations. Overall, the probability of free line of sight was found to decrease exponentially with distance to target, and the probabilities of open arc length and shaded arc length were found to decrease and increase, respectively, with distance from the observer. The TLS measurements, which are sensitive to forest understory vegetation, were found to indicate increased visibility after vegetation removal. Our chosen visibility prediction models support practical forest management, being based on common forest inventory parameters and on widely used forest structure indices.Mait LangAndres KuuskKersti VennikAive LiibuskKristina TürkAllan SimsMDPI AGarticleopen spacedistance to treeforestvisibility distanceterrestrial laser scanningtree distribution modelsScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4455, p 4455 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	open space distance to tree forest visibility distance terrestrial laser scanning tree distribution models Science Q
spellingShingle	open space distance to tree forest visibility distance terrestrial laser scanning tree distribution models Science Q Mait Lang Andres Kuusk Kersti Vennik Aive Liibusk Kristina Türk Allan Sims Horizontal Visibility in Forests
description	The important variable of horizontal visibility within forest stands is gaining increasing attention in studies and applications involving terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), photographic measurements of forest structure, and autonomous mobility. We investigated distributions of visibility distance, open arc length, and shaded arc length in three mature forest stands. Our analysis was based (1) on tree position maps and TLS data collected in 2013 and 2019 with three different scanners, and (2) on simulated digital twins of the forest stands, constructed with two pattern-generation models incorporating commonly used indices of tree position clumping. The model simulations were found to yield values for visibility almost identical to those calculated from the corresponding tree location maps. The TLS measurements, however, were found to diverge notably from the simulations. Overall, the probability of free line of sight was found to decrease exponentially with distance to target, and the probabilities of open arc length and shaded arc length were found to decrease and increase, respectively, with distance from the observer. The TLS measurements, which are sensitive to forest understory vegetation, were found to indicate increased visibility after vegetation removal. Our chosen visibility prediction models support practical forest management, being based on common forest inventory parameters and on widely used forest structure indices.
format	article
author	Mait Lang Andres Kuusk Kersti Vennik Aive Liibusk Kristina Türk Allan Sims
author_facet	Mait Lang Andres Kuusk Kersti Vennik Aive Liibusk Kristina Türk Allan Sims
author_sort	Mait Lang
title	Horizontal Visibility in Forests
title_short	Horizontal Visibility in Forests
title_full	Horizontal Visibility in Forests
title_fullStr	Horizontal Visibility in Forests
title_full_unstemmed	Horizontal Visibility in Forests
title_sort	horizontal visibility in forests
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/de862e21b8064163a8c5e1c2d0c4c310
work_keys_str_mv	AT maitlang horizontalvisibilityinforests AT andreskuusk horizontalvisibilityinforests AT kerstivennik horizontalvisibilityinforests AT aiveliibusk horizontalvisibilityinforests AT kristinaturk horizontalvisibilityinforests AT allansims horizontalvisibilityinforests
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Horizontal Visibility in Forests

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