Correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals in subway environments in South Korea

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the exposure levels and variation in airborne endotoxin and heavy metals such as aluminum, chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc, and lead (Pb) in the three different South Korean subway environments (driver room, station office, and underg...

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Autores principales:	Sungho Hwang, So-Yeon Kim, Sangjun Choi, Sangwon Lee, Dong-Uk Park
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/de99f2a66def4a56bb295d0ec8b87aef
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:de99f2a66def4a56bb295d0ec8b87aef2021-12-02T18:53:19ZCorrelation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals in subway environments in South Korea10.1038/s41598-021-95860-42045-2322https://doaj.org/article/de99f2a66def4a56bb295d0ec8b87aef2021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95860-4https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the exposure levels and variation in airborne endotoxin and heavy metals such as aluminum, chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc, and lead (Pb) in the three different South Korean subway environments (driver room, station office, and underground tunnel) and identify subway characteristics influencing endotoxin and heavy metals levels. Air samples were collected and analyzed using the kinetic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers. The geometric mean was determined for endotoxin levels (0.693 EU/m3). It was also found that Fe (5.070 µg/m3) had the highest levels in subway environments while Pb (0.008 µg/m3) had the lowest levels. Endotoxin levels were higher in the underground tunnel and lower in the station office; the total heavy metal levels showed the same pattern with endotoxin levels. Endotoxins and total heavy metal levels were higher in the morning than at night. Positive correlations were found between endotoxin and Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni levels. Given the correlation between airborne endotoxins and heavy metals, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to identify the correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals.Sungho HwangSo-Yeon KimSangjun ChoiSangwon LeeDong-Uk ParkNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Sungho Hwang So-Yeon Kim Sangjun Choi Sangwon Lee Dong-Uk Park Correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals in subway environments in South Korea
description	Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the exposure levels and variation in airborne endotoxin and heavy metals such as aluminum, chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), zinc, and lead (Pb) in the three different South Korean subway environments (driver room, station office, and underground tunnel) and identify subway characteristics influencing endotoxin and heavy metals levels. Air samples were collected and analyzed using the kinetic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers. The geometric mean was determined for endotoxin levels (0.693 EU/m3). It was also found that Fe (5.070 µg/m3) had the highest levels in subway environments while Pb (0.008 µg/m3) had the lowest levels. Endotoxin levels were higher in the underground tunnel and lower in the station office; the total heavy metal levels showed the same pattern with endotoxin levels. Endotoxins and total heavy metal levels were higher in the morning than at night. Positive correlations were found between endotoxin and Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni levels. Given the correlation between airborne endotoxins and heavy metals, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to identify the correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals.
format	article
author	Sungho Hwang So-Yeon Kim Sangjun Choi Sangwon Lee Dong-Uk Park
author_facet	Sungho Hwang So-Yeon Kim Sangjun Choi Sangwon Lee Dong-Uk Park
author_sort	Sungho Hwang
title	Correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals in subway environments in South Korea
title_short	Correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals in subway environments in South Korea
title_full	Correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals in subway environments in South Korea
title_fullStr	Correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals in subway environments in South Korea
title_full_unstemmed	Correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals in subway environments in South Korea
title_sort	correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals in subway environments in south korea
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/de99f2a66def4a56bb295d0ec8b87aef
work_keys_str_mv	AT sunghohwang correlationbetweenlevelsofairborneendotoxinandheavymetalsinsubwayenvironmentsinsouthkorea AT soyeonkim correlationbetweenlevelsofairborneendotoxinandheavymetalsinsubwayenvironmentsinsouthkorea AT sangjunchoi correlationbetweenlevelsofairborneendotoxinandheavymetalsinsubwayenvironmentsinsouthkorea AT sangwonlee correlationbetweenlevelsofairborneendotoxinandheavymetalsinsubwayenvironmentsinsouthkorea AT dongukpark correlationbetweenlevelsofairborneendotoxinandheavymetalsinsubwayenvironmentsinsouthkorea
_version_	1718377358211153920

Correlation between levels of airborne endotoxin and heavy metals in subway environments in South Korea

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