A Review: Late Wilt of Maize—The Pathogen, the Disease, Current Status, and Future Perspective

Late wilt (LWD) is a vascular wilt disease that outbursts late in maize development, usually during or after flowering. The disease causal agent, the soil and seed-borne fungi, <i>Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i>, causes significant economic losses in Egypt, Israel, Spain, Portugal, and India...

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Autor principal:	Ofir Degani
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Cephalosporium maydis</i> chemical control crop protection disease cycle fungus <i>Harpophora maydis</i> Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/dea009331a6b46528e860ecf890a9978
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:dea009331a6b46528e860ecf890a99782021-11-25T18:06:36ZA Review: Late Wilt of Maize—The Pathogen, the Disease, Current Status, and Future Perspective10.3390/jof71109892309-608Xhttps://doaj.org/article/dea009331a6b46528e860ecf890a99782021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/11/989https://doaj.org/toc/2309-608XLate wilt (LWD) is a vascular wilt disease that outbursts late in maize development, usually during or after flowering. The disease causal agent, the soil and seed-borne fungi, <i>Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i>, causes significant economic losses in Egypt, Israel, Spain, Portugal, and India. Since its discovery in the early 1960s in Egypt, the knowledge base of the disease was significantly expanded. This includes basic information on the pathogen and its mode of action, disease symptoms and damages, methods to study and monitor the pathogen, and above all, control strategies to restrain <i>M. maydis</i> and reduce its impact on commercial maize production. Three approaches stand out from the various control methods inspected. First, the traditional use of chemical pesticides was investigated extensively. This approach gained attention when, in 2018–2020, a feasible and economical treatment based on Azoxystrobin (alone or in combination with other fungicides) was proven to be effective even in severe cases of LWD. Second, the growing trend of replacing chemical treatments with eco-friendly biological and other green protocols has become increasingly important in recent years and has already made significant achievements. Last but not least, today’s leading strategy to cope with LWD is to rely on resistant maize genotypes. The past two decades’ introduction of molecular-based diagnostic methods to track and identify the pathogen marked significant progress in this global effort. Still, worldwide research efforts are progressing relatively slowly since the disease is considered exotic and unfamiliar in most parts of the world. The current review summarizes the accumulated knowledge on LWD, its causal agent, and the disease implications. An additional important aspect that will be addressed is a future perspective on risks and knowledge gaps.Ofir DeganiMDPI AGarticle<i>Cephalosporium maydis</i>chemical controlcrop protectiondisease cyclefungus<i>Harpophora maydis</i>Biology (General)QH301-705.5ENJournal of Fungi, Vol 7, Iss 989, p 989 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Cephalosporium maydis</i> chemical control crop protection disease cycle fungus <i>Harpophora maydis</i> Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	<i>Cephalosporium maydis</i> chemical control crop protection disease cycle fungus <i>Harpophora maydis</i> Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Ofir Degani A Review: Late Wilt of Maize—The Pathogen, the Disease, Current Status, and Future Perspective
description	Late wilt (LWD) is a vascular wilt disease that outbursts late in maize development, usually during or after flowering. The disease causal agent, the soil and seed-borne fungi, <i>Magnaporthiopsis maydis</i>, causes significant economic losses in Egypt, Israel, Spain, Portugal, and India. Since its discovery in the early 1960s in Egypt, the knowledge base of the disease was significantly expanded. This includes basic information on the pathogen and its mode of action, disease symptoms and damages, methods to study and monitor the pathogen, and above all, control strategies to restrain <i>M. maydis</i> and reduce its impact on commercial maize production. Three approaches stand out from the various control methods inspected. First, the traditional use of chemical pesticides was investigated extensively. This approach gained attention when, in 2018–2020, a feasible and economical treatment based on Azoxystrobin (alone or in combination with other fungicides) was proven to be effective even in severe cases of LWD. Second, the growing trend of replacing chemical treatments with eco-friendly biological and other green protocols has become increasingly important in recent years and has already made significant achievements. Last but not least, today’s leading strategy to cope with LWD is to rely on resistant maize genotypes. The past two decades’ introduction of molecular-based diagnostic methods to track and identify the pathogen marked significant progress in this global effort. Still, worldwide research efforts are progressing relatively slowly since the disease is considered exotic and unfamiliar in most parts of the world. The current review summarizes the accumulated knowledge on LWD, its causal agent, and the disease implications. An additional important aspect that will be addressed is a future perspective on risks and knowledge gaps.
format	article
author	Ofir Degani
author_facet	Ofir Degani
author_sort	Ofir Degani
title	A Review: Late Wilt of Maize—The Pathogen, the Disease, Current Status, and Future Perspective
title_short	A Review: Late Wilt of Maize—The Pathogen, the Disease, Current Status, and Future Perspective
title_full	A Review: Late Wilt of Maize—The Pathogen, the Disease, Current Status, and Future Perspective
title_fullStr	A Review: Late Wilt of Maize—The Pathogen, the Disease, Current Status, and Future Perspective
title_full_unstemmed	A Review: Late Wilt of Maize—The Pathogen, the Disease, Current Status, and Future Perspective
title_sort	review: late wilt of maize—the pathogen, the disease, current status, and future perspective
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/dea009331a6b46528e860ecf890a9978
work_keys_str_mv	AT ofirdegani areviewlatewiltofmaizethepathogenthediseasecurrentstatusandfutureperspective AT ofirdegani reviewlatewiltofmaizethepathogenthediseasecurrentstatusandfutureperspective
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A Review: Late Wilt of Maize—The Pathogen, the Disease, Current Status, and Future Perspective

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