The witchweed Striga gesnerioides and the cultivated cowpea: A geographical and historical analysis of their West African distribution points to the prevalence of agro-ecological factors and the parasite's multilocal evolution potential.

The increasing severity of Striga gesnerioides attacks on cowpea across West Africa has been related to its prolificity, seed mobility and longevity, and adaptation to aridity, in a context of agricultural intensification. To understand this fast extension, we analyzed (1) the distributions of the c...

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Autores principales:	Abou-Soufianou Sadda, Geo Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, Abdoul-Aziz Saidou, Abdoulaye Diouf, Nouhou Salifou Jangorzo, Hassane Bil-Assanou Issoufou, Oumarou Malam-Issa
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/decb39885d46436d9c9caa43e1319a80
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:decb39885d46436d9c9caa43e1319a802021-12-02T20:18:46ZThe witchweed Striga gesnerioides and the cultivated cowpea: A geographical and historical analysis of their West African distribution points to the prevalence of agro-ecological factors and the parasite's multilocal evolution potential.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0254803https://doaj.org/article/decb39885d46436d9c9caa43e1319a802021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254803https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The increasing severity of Striga gesnerioides attacks on cowpea across West Africa has been related to its prolificity, seed mobility and longevity, and adaptation to aridity, in a context of agricultural intensification. To understand this fast extension, we analyzed (1) the distributions of the crop and the witchweed with ecological niche modeling and multivariate climate analysis, and (2) the chronological information available from collections and the literature. The ecoclimatic envelope of S. gesnerioides attacks on cowpea is the same as on wild hosts. Consistently, the modeled distribution of cowpea infestations is closely similar to the simple superposition of the parasite model (involving all hosts) and the crop model. Striga gesnerioides infestations are restricted to the driest component of the cultivated cowpea ecoclimatic niche, corresponding to the Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian belts and the Dahomey gap. Thus, the parasite distribution, determined by its own requirements, does not constrain cowpea cultivation under Guinean climates. The spatial and temporal distributions of S. gesnerioides field infestations are consistent with an earlier impact on cowpea production in eastern West Africa, related itself to a similar trend in cowpea cultivation intensification from Niger, Nigeria and Benin to Burkina Faso and Ghana. Mali and Senegal were affected later, and literature reports of Senegalese strains of S. gesnerioides from the wild developing virulence on cowpea offer a model for the diffusion of witchweed parasitism by multilocal evolution, through host-driven selection, instead of epidemic diffusion. A contrario, in Côte d'Ivoire, cowpea is much less widespread, so the parasite has remained confined to the wild compartment. Thus, both historical and ecogeographic analyses refute the vision of S. gesnerioides as an invader. Instead, they point to the increasing importance and intensification of the crop, and the consequent loss of biodiversity, as the main drivers of the extension and diversification of its crop-specific strains.Abou-Soufianou SaddaGeo Coppens d'EeckenbruggeAbdoul-Aziz SaidouAbdoulaye DioufNouhou Salifou JangorzoHassane Bil-Assanou IssoufouOumarou Malam-IssaPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 8, p e0254803 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Abou-Soufianou Sadda Geo Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge Abdoul-Aziz Saidou Abdoulaye Diouf Nouhou Salifou Jangorzo Hassane Bil-Assanou Issoufou Oumarou Malam-Issa The witchweed Striga gesnerioides and the cultivated cowpea: A geographical and historical analysis of their West African distribution points to the prevalence of agro-ecological factors and the parasite's multilocal evolution potential.
description	The increasing severity of Striga gesnerioides attacks on cowpea across West Africa has been related to its prolificity, seed mobility and longevity, and adaptation to aridity, in a context of agricultural intensification. To understand this fast extension, we analyzed (1) the distributions of the crop and the witchweed with ecological niche modeling and multivariate climate analysis, and (2) the chronological information available from collections and the literature. The ecoclimatic envelope of S. gesnerioides attacks on cowpea is the same as on wild hosts. Consistently, the modeled distribution of cowpea infestations is closely similar to the simple superposition of the parasite model (involving all hosts) and the crop model. Striga gesnerioides infestations are restricted to the driest component of the cultivated cowpea ecoclimatic niche, corresponding to the Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian belts and the Dahomey gap. Thus, the parasite distribution, determined by its own requirements, does not constrain cowpea cultivation under Guinean climates. The spatial and temporal distributions of S. gesnerioides field infestations are consistent with an earlier impact on cowpea production in eastern West Africa, related itself to a similar trend in cowpea cultivation intensification from Niger, Nigeria and Benin to Burkina Faso and Ghana. Mali and Senegal were affected later, and literature reports of Senegalese strains of S. gesnerioides from the wild developing virulence on cowpea offer a model for the diffusion of witchweed parasitism by multilocal evolution, through host-driven selection, instead of epidemic diffusion. A contrario, in Côte d'Ivoire, cowpea is much less widespread, so the parasite has remained confined to the wild compartment. Thus, both historical and ecogeographic analyses refute the vision of S. gesnerioides as an invader. Instead, they point to the increasing importance and intensification of the crop, and the consequent loss of biodiversity, as the main drivers of the extension and diversification of its crop-specific strains.
format	article
author	Abou-Soufianou Sadda Geo Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge Abdoul-Aziz Saidou Abdoulaye Diouf Nouhou Salifou Jangorzo Hassane Bil-Assanou Issoufou Oumarou Malam-Issa
author_facet	Abou-Soufianou Sadda Geo Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge Abdoul-Aziz Saidou Abdoulaye Diouf Nouhou Salifou Jangorzo Hassane Bil-Assanou Issoufou Oumarou Malam-Issa
author_sort	Abou-Soufianou Sadda
title	The witchweed Striga gesnerioides and the cultivated cowpea: A geographical and historical analysis of their West African distribution points to the prevalence of agro-ecological factors and the parasite's multilocal evolution potential.
title_short	The witchweed Striga gesnerioides and the cultivated cowpea: A geographical and historical analysis of their West African distribution points to the prevalence of agro-ecological factors and the parasite's multilocal evolution potential.
title_full	The witchweed Striga gesnerioides and the cultivated cowpea: A geographical and historical analysis of their West African distribution points to the prevalence of agro-ecological factors and the parasite's multilocal evolution potential.
title_fullStr	The witchweed Striga gesnerioides and the cultivated cowpea: A geographical and historical analysis of their West African distribution points to the prevalence of agro-ecological factors and the parasite's multilocal evolution potential.
title_full_unstemmed	The witchweed Striga gesnerioides and the cultivated cowpea: A geographical and historical analysis of their West African distribution points to the prevalence of agro-ecological factors and the parasite's multilocal evolution potential.
title_sort	witchweed striga gesnerioides and the cultivated cowpea: a geographical and historical analysis of their west african distribution points to the prevalence of agro-ecological factors and the parasite's multilocal evolution potential.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/decb39885d46436d9c9caa43e1319a80
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The witchweed Striga gesnerioides and the cultivated cowpea: A geographical and historical analysis of their West African distribution points to the prevalence of agro-ecological factors and the parasite's multilocal evolution potential.

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