Improved ELMv1-ECA simulations of zero-curtain periods and cold-season CH4 and CO2 emissions at Alaskan Arctic tundra sites

Field measurements have shown that cold-season methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions contribute a substantial portion...

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Autores principales:	J. Tao, Q. Zhu, W. J. Riley, R. B. Neumann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Copernicus Publications 2021
Materias:	Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/df538f9e88824470b5af2f4a6e5dc673
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:df538f9e88824470b5af2f4a6e5dc6732021-11-30T13:49:11ZImproved ELMv1-ECA simulations of zero-curtain periods and cold-season CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at Alaskan Arctic tundra sites10.5194/tc-15-5281-20211994-04161994-0424https://doaj.org/article/df538f9e88824470b5af2f4a6e5dc6732021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/5281/2021/tc-15-5281-2021.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/1994-0416https://doaj.org/toc/1994-0424<p>Field measurements have shown that cold-season methane (CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>) and carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) emissions contribute a substantial portion to the annual net carbon emissions in permafrost regions. However, most earth system land models do not accurately reproduce cold-season CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> emissions, especially over the shoulder (i.e., thawing and freezing) seasons. Here we use the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) land model version 1 (ELMv1-ECA) to tackle this challenge and fill the knowledge gap of how cold-season CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> emissions contribute to the annual totals at Alaska Arctic tundra sites. Specifically, we improved the ELMv1-ECA soil water phase-change scheme, environmental controls on microbial activity, and the methane module. Results demonstrate that both soil temperature and the duration of zero-curtain periods (i.e., the fall period when soil temperatures linger around 0 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C) simulated by the updated ELMv1-ECA were greatly improved; e.g., the mean absolute error (MAE) in zero-curtain durations at 12 cm depth was reduced by 62 % on average. Furthermore, the MAEs of simulated cold-season carbon emissions at three tundra sites were improved by 72 % and 70 % on average for CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, respectively. Overall, CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> emitted during the early cold season (September and October), which often includes most of the zero-curtain period in Arctic tundra, accounted for more than 50 % of the total emissions throughout the entire cold season (September to May) in the model, compared with around 49.4 % (43 %–58 %) in observations. From 1950 to 2017, both CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> emissions during the zero-curtain period and during the entire cold season showed increasing trends, for example, of 0.17 and 0.36 gC m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> at Atqasuk. This study highlights the importance of zero-curtain periods in facilitating cold-season CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> emissions from tundra ecosystems.</p>J. TaoJ. TaoQ. ZhuW. J. RileyR. B. NeumannCopernicus PublicationsarticleEnvironmental sciencesGE1-350GeologyQE1-996.5ENThe Cryosphere, Vol 15, Pp 5281-5307 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5
spellingShingle	Environmental sciences GE1-350 Geology QE1-996.5 J. Tao J. Tao Q. Zhu W. J. Riley R. B. Neumann Improved ELMv1-ECA simulations of zero-curtain periods and cold-season CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at Alaskan Arctic tundra sites
description	<p>Field measurements have shown that cold-season methane (CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>) and carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) emissions contribute a substantial portion to the annual net carbon emissions in permafrost regions. However, most earth system land models do not accurately reproduce cold-season CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> emissions, especially over the shoulder (i.e., thawing and freezing) seasons. Here we use the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) land model version 1 (ELMv1-ECA) to tackle this challenge and fill the knowledge gap of how cold-season CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> emissions contribute to the annual totals at Alaska Arctic tundra sites. Specifically, we improved the ELMv1-ECA soil water phase-change scheme, environmental controls on microbial activity, and the methane module. Results demonstrate that both soil temperature and the duration of zero-curtain periods (i.e., the fall period when soil temperatures linger around 0 <span class="inline-formula"><sup>∘</sup></span>C) simulated by the updated ELMv1-ECA were greatly improved; e.g., the mean absolute error (MAE) in zero-curtain durations at 12 cm depth was reduced by 62 % on average. Furthermore, the MAEs of simulated cold-season carbon emissions at three tundra sites were improved by 72 % and 70 % on average for CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>, respectively. Overall, CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> emitted during the early cold season (September and October), which often includes most of the zero-curtain period in Arctic tundra, accounted for more than 50 % of the total emissions throughout the entire cold season (September to May) in the model, compared with around 49.4 % (43 %–58 %) in observations. From 1950 to 2017, both CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> emissions during the zero-curtain period and during the entire cold season showed increasing trends, for example, of 0.17 and 0.36 gC m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> at Atqasuk. This study highlights the importance of zero-curtain periods in facilitating cold-season CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> emissions from tundra ecosystems.</p>
format	article
author	J. Tao J. Tao Q. Zhu W. J. Riley R. B. Neumann
author_facet	J. Tao J. Tao Q. Zhu W. J. Riley R. B. Neumann
author_sort	J. Tao
title	Improved ELMv1-ECA simulations of zero-curtain periods and cold-season CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at Alaskan Arctic tundra sites
title_short	Improved ELMv1-ECA simulations of zero-curtain periods and cold-season CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at Alaskan Arctic tundra sites
title_full	Improved ELMv1-ECA simulations of zero-curtain periods and cold-season CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at Alaskan Arctic tundra sites
title_fullStr	Improved ELMv1-ECA simulations of zero-curtain periods and cold-season CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at Alaskan Arctic tundra sites
title_full_unstemmed	Improved ELMv1-ECA simulations of zero-curtain periods and cold-season CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at Alaskan Arctic tundra sites
title_sort	improved elmv1-eca simulations of zero-curtain periods and cold-season ch<sub>4</sub> and co<sub>2</sub> emissions at alaskan arctic tundra sites
publisher	Copernicus Publications
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/df538f9e88824470b5af2f4a6e5dc673
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Improved ELMv1-ECA simulations of zero-curtain periods and cold-season CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions at Alaskan Arctic tundra sites

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