Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children

The adenoid (Ad) and tonsil (Ts), located in the upper airway, play an important role in immunological protection. These lymphoid tissues grow rapidly, reach a peak of growth at the age of 6–8 years, and decrease in their size thereafter. However, little information is available on the longitudinal...

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Autores principales:	Hiroshi Yamada, Masaki Sawada, Masaaki Higashino, Susumu Abe, Tarek El-Bialy, Eiji Tanaka
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	adenoid tonsil lymphoid tissue cephalogram nasopharynx oropharynx Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/df5b64b4c44a47cd90e0bc2e77478316
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:df5b64b4c44a47cd90e0bc2e774783162021-11-11T17:35:30ZLongitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children10.3390/jcm102149562077-0383https://doaj.org/article/df5b64b4c44a47cd90e0bc2e774783162021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/4956https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383The adenoid (Ad) and tonsil (Ts), located in the upper airway, play an important role in immunological protection. These lymphoid tissues grow rapidly, reach a peak of growth at the age of 6–8 years, and decrease in their size thereafter. However, little information is available on the longitudinal growth patterns of Ad and Ts in the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the individual growth of Ad and Ts during childhood using lateral cephalograms taken longitudinally from the same individuals at the ages of 8–12 years. Our results showed that the cross-sectional areas of the Ad, nasopharynx (Np), and oropharynx (Op) significantly increased with age while small changes in the size of Ts were present throughout the study period. In addition, the values of Ad/Np and Ts/Op decreased significantly with age in the elementary school. Furthermore, there was a strong and significant correlation between the Ad/Np ratio and upper airway resistance, indicating the narrowest distance in the upper airway. In conclusion, the airway occupation in Np and Op increased with age due to the increase in the sizes of Np and Op but not the decrease in the sizes of Ad and Ts.Hiroshi YamadaMasaki SawadaMasaaki HigashinoSusumu AbeTarek El-BialyEiji TanakaMDPI AGarticleadenoidtonsillymphoid tissuecephalogramnasopharynxoropharynxMedicineRENJournal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 10, Iss 4956, p 4956 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	adenoid tonsil lymphoid tissue cephalogram nasopharynx oropharynx Medicine R
spellingShingle	adenoid tonsil lymphoid tissue cephalogram nasopharynx oropharynx Medicine R Hiroshi Yamada Masaki Sawada Masaaki Higashino Susumu Abe Tarek El-Bialy Eiji Tanaka Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children
description	The adenoid (Ad) and tonsil (Ts), located in the upper airway, play an important role in immunological protection. These lymphoid tissues grow rapidly, reach a peak of growth at the age of 6–8 years, and decrease in their size thereafter. However, little information is available on the longitudinal growth patterns of Ad and Ts in the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the individual growth of Ad and Ts during childhood using lateral cephalograms taken longitudinally from the same individuals at the ages of 8–12 years. Our results showed that the cross-sectional areas of the Ad, nasopharynx (Np), and oropharynx (Op) significantly increased with age while small changes in the size of Ts were present throughout the study period. In addition, the values of Ad/Np and Ts/Op decreased significantly with age in the elementary school. Furthermore, there was a strong and significant correlation between the Ad/Np ratio and upper airway resistance, indicating the narrowest distance in the upper airway. In conclusion, the airway occupation in Np and Op increased with age due to the increase in the sizes of Np and Op but not the decrease in the sizes of Ad and Ts.
format	article
author	Hiroshi Yamada Masaki Sawada Masaaki Higashino Susumu Abe Tarek El-Bialy Eiji Tanaka
author_facet	Hiroshi Yamada Masaki Sawada Masaaki Higashino Susumu Abe Tarek El-Bialy Eiji Tanaka
author_sort	Hiroshi Yamada
title	Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children
title_short	Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children
title_full	Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children
title_fullStr	Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children
title_full_unstemmed	Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children
title_sort	longitudinal morphological changes in the adenoids and tonsils in japanese school children
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/df5b64b4c44a47cd90e0bc2e77478316
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Longitudinal Morphological Changes in the Adenoids and Tonsils in Japanese School Children

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