Gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle.

<h4>Background</h4>Within an evolutionary framework of Gastrotricha Marinellina flagellata and Redudasys fornerise bear special interest, as they are the only Macrodasyida that inhabit freshwater ecosystems. Notwithstanding, these rare animals are poorly known; found only once (Austria a...

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Autores principales:	M Antonio Todaro, Matteo Dal Zotto, Ulf Jondelius, Rick Hochberg, William D Hummon, Tobias Kånneby, Carlos E F Rocha
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2012
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/df5d8462ea8e4a45bcc74fb6398568fa
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:df5d8462ea8e4a45bcc74fb6398568fa2021-11-18T07:28:19ZGastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0031740https://doaj.org/article/df5d8462ea8e4a45bcc74fb6398568fa2012-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22348127/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Within an evolutionary framework of Gastrotricha Marinellina flagellata and Redudasys fornerise bear special interest, as they are the only Macrodasyida that inhabit freshwater ecosystems. Notwithstanding, these rare animals are poorly known; found only once (Austria and Brazil), they are currently systematised as incertae sedis. Here we report on the rediscovery of Redudasys fornerise, provide an account on morphological novelties and present a hypothesis on its phylogenetic relationship based on molecular data.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Specimens were surveyed using DIC microscopy and SEM, and used to obtain the 18 S rRNA gene sequence; molecular data was analyzed cladistically in conjunction with data from 42 additional species belonging to the near complete Macrodasyida taxonomic spectrum. Morphological analysis, while providing new information on taxonomically relevant traits (adhesive tubes, protonephridia and sensorial bristles), failed to detect elements of the male system, thus stressing the parthenogenetic nature of the Brazilian species. Phylogenetic analysis, carried out with ML, MP and Bayesian approaches, yielded topologies with strong nodal support and highly congruent with each other. Among the supported groups is the previously undocumented clade showing the alliance between Redudasys fornerise and Dactylopodola agadasys; other strongly sustained clades include the densely sampled families Thaumastodermatidae and Turbanellidae and most genera.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>A reconsideration of the morphological traits of Dactylopodola agadasys in light of the new information on Redudasys fornerise makes the alliance between these two taxa very likely. As a result, we create Anandrodasys gen. nov. to contain members of the previously described D. agadasys and erect Redudasyidae fam. nov. to reflect this novel relationship between Anandrodasys and Redudasys. From an ecological perspective, the derived position of Redudasys, which is deeply nested within the Macrodasyida clade, unequivocally demonstrates that invasion of freshwater by gastrotrichs has taken place at least twice, in contrast with the single event hypothesis recently put forward.M Antonio TodaroMatteo Dal ZottoUlf JondeliusRick HochbergWilliam D HummonTobias KånnebyCarlos E F RochaPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 2, p e31740 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q M Antonio Todaro Matteo Dal Zotto Ulf Jondelius Rick Hochberg William D Hummon Tobias Kånneby Carlos E F Rocha Gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Within an evolutionary framework of Gastrotricha Marinellina flagellata and Redudasys fornerise bear special interest, as they are the only Macrodasyida that inhabit freshwater ecosystems. Notwithstanding, these rare animals are poorly known; found only once (Austria and Brazil), they are currently systematised as incertae sedis. Here we report on the rediscovery of Redudasys fornerise, provide an account on morphological novelties and present a hypothesis on its phylogenetic relationship based on molecular data.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>Specimens were surveyed using DIC microscopy and SEM, and used to obtain the 18 S rRNA gene sequence; molecular data was analyzed cladistically in conjunction with data from 42 additional species belonging to the near complete Macrodasyida taxonomic spectrum. Morphological analysis, while providing new information on taxonomically relevant traits (adhesive tubes, protonephridia and sensorial bristles), failed to detect elements of the male system, thus stressing the parthenogenetic nature of the Brazilian species. Phylogenetic analysis, carried out with ML, MP and Bayesian approaches, yielded topologies with strong nodal support and highly congruent with each other. Among the supported groups is the previously undocumented clade showing the alliance between Redudasys fornerise and Dactylopodola agadasys; other strongly sustained clades include the densely sampled families Thaumastodermatidae and Turbanellidae and most genera.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>A reconsideration of the morphological traits of Dactylopodola agadasys in light of the new information on Redudasys fornerise makes the alliance between these two taxa very likely. As a result, we create Anandrodasys gen. nov. to contain members of the previously described D. agadasys and erect Redudasyidae fam. nov. to reflect this novel relationship between Anandrodasys and Redudasys. From an ecological perspective, the derived position of Redudasys, which is deeply nested within the Macrodasyida clade, unequivocally demonstrates that invasion of freshwater by gastrotrichs has taken place at least twice, in contrast with the single event hypothesis recently put forward.
format	article
author	M Antonio Todaro Matteo Dal Zotto Ulf Jondelius Rick Hochberg William D Hummon Tobias Kånneby Carlos E F Rocha
author_facet	M Antonio Todaro Matteo Dal Zotto Ulf Jondelius Rick Hochberg William D Hummon Tobias Kånneby Carlos E F Rocha
author_sort	M Antonio Todaro
title	Gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle.
title_short	Gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle.
title_full	Gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle.
title_fullStr	Gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle.
title_full_unstemmed	Gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle.
title_sort	gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/df5d8462ea8e4a45bcc74fb6398568fa
work_keys_str_mv	AT mantoniotodaro gastrotrichaamarinesisterforafreshwaterpuzzle AT matteodalzotto gastrotrichaamarinesisterforafreshwaterpuzzle AT ulfjondelius gastrotrichaamarinesisterforafreshwaterpuzzle AT rickhochberg gastrotrichaamarinesisterforafreshwaterpuzzle AT williamdhummon gastrotrichaamarinesisterforafreshwaterpuzzle AT tobiaskanneby gastrotrichaamarinesisterforafreshwaterpuzzle AT carlosefrocha gastrotrichaamarinesisterforafreshwaterpuzzle
_version_	1718423442819121152

Gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle.

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