pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations

Abstract Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha hydroxy acid and widely used for skincare applications, including to treat acne vulgaris. Oftentimes, high concentrations of glycolic acid (~20–50 vol%) are incorporated into chemical peels to reduce acne-related inflammation while there is an outstanding...

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Autores principales:	Elba R. Valle-González, Joshua A. Jackman, Bo Kyeong Yoon, Natalia Mokrzecka, Nam-Joon Cho
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2020
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/df6356246758477aa95a7d156f5ac849
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:df6356246758477aa95a7d156f5ac8492021-12-02T14:49:43ZpH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations10.1038/s41598-020-64545-92045-2322https://doaj.org/article/df6356246758477aa95a7d156f5ac8492020-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64545-9https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha hydroxy acid and widely used for skincare applications, including to treat acne vulgaris. Oftentimes, high concentrations of glycolic acid (~20–50 vol%) are incorporated into chemical peels to reduce acne-related inflammation while there is an outstanding need to determine to what extent glycolic acid can potently inhibit Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes), which is a Gram-positive bacterium implicated in acne pathogenesis. Herein, we report that glycolic acid exhibits pH-dependent antibacterial activity against C. acnes and mechanistic studies identified that the nonionic form of glycolic acid is more active than the anionic form. The degree of antibacterial activity, including minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), of glycolic acid was evaluated in the pH range of 3 to 4.5, and the greatest potency was observed at pH 3. In light of skincare formulation needs, we selected the pH 3.5 condition for further testing and determined that glycolic acid kills C. acnes cells by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. While most conventional treatments involve high concentrations of glycolic acid (>20%), our findings support the potential of developing anti-acne formulations with glycolic acid concentrations as low as 0.2% and with pH conditions that are suitable for over-the-counter applications.Elba R. Valle-GonzálezJoshua A. JackmanBo Kyeong YoonNatalia MokrzeckaNam-Joon ChoNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Elba R. Valle-González Joshua A. Jackman Bo Kyeong Yoon Natalia Mokrzecka Nam-Joon Cho pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations
description	Abstract Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha hydroxy acid and widely used for skincare applications, including to treat acne vulgaris. Oftentimes, high concentrations of glycolic acid (~20–50 vol%) are incorporated into chemical peels to reduce acne-related inflammation while there is an outstanding need to determine to what extent glycolic acid can potently inhibit Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes), which is a Gram-positive bacterium implicated in acne pathogenesis. Herein, we report that glycolic acid exhibits pH-dependent antibacterial activity against C. acnes and mechanistic studies identified that the nonionic form of glycolic acid is more active than the anionic form. The degree of antibacterial activity, including minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), of glycolic acid was evaluated in the pH range of 3 to 4.5, and the greatest potency was observed at pH 3. In light of skincare formulation needs, we selected the pH 3.5 condition for further testing and determined that glycolic acid kills C. acnes cells by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. While most conventional treatments involve high concentrations of glycolic acid (>20%), our findings support the potential of developing anti-acne formulations with glycolic acid concentrations as low as 0.2% and with pH conditions that are suitable for over-the-counter applications.
format	article
author	Elba R. Valle-González Joshua A. Jackman Bo Kyeong Yoon Natalia Mokrzecka Nam-Joon Cho
author_facet	Elba R. Valle-González Joshua A. Jackman Bo Kyeong Yoon Natalia Mokrzecka Nam-Joon Cho
author_sort	Elba R. Valle-González
title	pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations
title_short	pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations
title_full	pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations
title_fullStr	pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations
title_full_unstemmed	pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations
title_sort	ph-dependent antibacterial activity of glycolic acid: implications for anti-acne formulations
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/df6356246758477aa95a7d156f5ac849
work_keys_str_mv	AT elbarvallegonzalez phdependentantibacterialactivityofglycolicacidimplicationsforantiacneformulations AT joshuaajackman phdependentantibacterialactivityofglycolicacidimplicationsforantiacneformulations AT bokyeongyoon phdependentantibacterialactivityofglycolicacidimplicationsforantiacneformulations AT nataliamokrzecka phdependentantibacterialactivityofglycolicacidimplicationsforantiacneformulations AT namjooncho phdependentantibacterialactivityofglycolicacidimplicationsforantiacneformulations
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pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations

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