Cytochrome c: Using Biological Insight toward Engineering an Optimized Anticancer Biodrug
The heme protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays pivotal roles in cellular life and death processes. In the respiratory chain of mitochondria, it serves as an electron transfer protein, contributing to the proliferation of healthy cells. In the cell cytoplasm, it activates intrinsic apoptosis to terminat...
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MDPI AG
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:dfe1538b7c8849238d3ba678d4a463d22021-11-25T17:58:59ZCytochrome c: Using Biological Insight toward Engineering an Optimized Anticancer Biodrug10.3390/inorganics91100832304-6740https://doaj.org/article/dfe1538b7c8849238d3ba678d4a463d22021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/9/11/83https://doaj.org/toc/2304-6740The heme protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays pivotal roles in cellular life and death processes. In the respiratory chain of mitochondria, it serves as an electron transfer protein, contributing to the proliferation of healthy cells. In the cell cytoplasm, it activates intrinsic apoptosis to terminate damaged cells. Insight into these mechanisms and the associated physicochemical properties and biomolecular interactions of Cyt c informs on the anticancer therapeutic potential of the protein, especially in its ability to subvert the current limitations of small molecule-based chemotherapy. In this review, we explore the development of Cyt c as an anticancer drug by identifying cancer types that would be receptive to the cytotoxicity of the protein and factors that can be finetuned to enhance its apoptotic potency. To this end, some information is obtained by characterizing known drugs that operate, in part, by triggering Cyt c induced apoptosis. The application of different smart drug delivery systems is surveyed to highlight important features for maintaining Cyt c stability and activity and improving its specificity for cancer cells and high drug payload release while recognizing the continuing limitations. This work serves to elucidate on the optimization of the strategies to translate Cyt c to the clinical market.Louis J. DelinoisOmar De León-VélezAdriana Vázquez-MedinaAlondra Vélez-CabreraAmanda Marrero-SánchezChristopher Nieves-EscobarDaniela Alfonso-CanoDelvin Caraballo-RodríguezJael Rodriguez-OrtizJemily Acosta-MercadoJosué A. Benjamín-RiveraKiara González-GonzálezKysha Fernández-AdornoLisby Santiago-PagánRafael Delgado-VergaraXaiomy Torres-ÁvilaAndrea Maser-FigueroaGladimarys Grajales-AvilésGlorimar I. Miranda MéndezJavier Santiago-PagánMiguel Nieves-SantiagoVanessa Álvarez-CarrilloKai GriebenowArthur D. TinocoMDPI AGarticlecytochrome ctherapeutic proteinssmart drug delivery systemsintrinsic apoptosisInorganic chemistryQD146-197ENInorganics, Vol 9, Iss 83, p 83 (2021) |
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| language |
EN |
| topic |
cytochrome c therapeutic proteins smart drug delivery systems intrinsic apoptosis Inorganic chemistry QD146-197 |
| spellingShingle |
cytochrome c therapeutic proteins smart drug delivery systems intrinsic apoptosis Inorganic chemistry QD146-197 Louis J. Delinois Omar De León-Vélez Adriana Vázquez-Medina Alondra Vélez-Cabrera Amanda Marrero-Sánchez Christopher Nieves-Escobar Daniela Alfonso-Cano Delvin Caraballo-Rodríguez Jael Rodriguez-Ortiz Jemily Acosta-Mercado Josué A. Benjamín-Rivera Kiara González-González Kysha Fernández-Adorno Lisby Santiago-Pagán Rafael Delgado-Vergara Xaiomy Torres-Ávila Andrea Maser-Figueroa Gladimarys Grajales-Avilés Glorimar I. Miranda Méndez Javier Santiago-Pagán Miguel Nieves-Santiago Vanessa Álvarez-Carrillo Kai Griebenow Arthur D. Tinoco Cytochrome c: Using Biological Insight toward Engineering an Optimized Anticancer Biodrug |
| description |
The heme protein cytochrome c (Cyt c) plays pivotal roles in cellular life and death processes. In the respiratory chain of mitochondria, it serves as an electron transfer protein, contributing to the proliferation of healthy cells. In the cell cytoplasm, it activates intrinsic apoptosis to terminate damaged cells. Insight into these mechanisms and the associated physicochemical properties and biomolecular interactions of Cyt c informs on the anticancer therapeutic potential of the protein, especially in its ability to subvert the current limitations of small molecule-based chemotherapy. In this review, we explore the development of Cyt c as an anticancer drug by identifying cancer types that would be receptive to the cytotoxicity of the protein and factors that can be finetuned to enhance its apoptotic potency. To this end, some information is obtained by characterizing known drugs that operate, in part, by triggering Cyt c induced apoptosis. The application of different smart drug delivery systems is surveyed to highlight important features for maintaining Cyt c stability and activity and improving its specificity for cancer cells and high drug payload release while recognizing the continuing limitations. This work serves to elucidate on the optimization of the strategies to translate Cyt c to the clinical market. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Louis J. Delinois Omar De León-Vélez Adriana Vázquez-Medina Alondra Vélez-Cabrera Amanda Marrero-Sánchez Christopher Nieves-Escobar Daniela Alfonso-Cano Delvin Caraballo-Rodríguez Jael Rodriguez-Ortiz Jemily Acosta-Mercado Josué A. Benjamín-Rivera Kiara González-González Kysha Fernández-Adorno Lisby Santiago-Pagán Rafael Delgado-Vergara Xaiomy Torres-Ávila Andrea Maser-Figueroa Gladimarys Grajales-Avilés Glorimar I. Miranda Méndez Javier Santiago-Pagán Miguel Nieves-Santiago Vanessa Álvarez-Carrillo Kai Griebenow Arthur D. Tinoco |
| author_facet |
Louis J. Delinois Omar De León-Vélez Adriana Vázquez-Medina Alondra Vélez-Cabrera Amanda Marrero-Sánchez Christopher Nieves-Escobar Daniela Alfonso-Cano Delvin Caraballo-Rodríguez Jael Rodriguez-Ortiz Jemily Acosta-Mercado Josué A. Benjamín-Rivera Kiara González-González Kysha Fernández-Adorno Lisby Santiago-Pagán Rafael Delgado-Vergara Xaiomy Torres-Ávila Andrea Maser-Figueroa Gladimarys Grajales-Avilés Glorimar I. Miranda Méndez Javier Santiago-Pagán Miguel Nieves-Santiago Vanessa Álvarez-Carrillo Kai Griebenow Arthur D. Tinoco |
| author_sort |
Louis J. Delinois |
| title |
Cytochrome c: Using Biological Insight toward Engineering an Optimized Anticancer Biodrug |
| title_short |
Cytochrome c: Using Biological Insight toward Engineering an Optimized Anticancer Biodrug |
| title_full |
Cytochrome c: Using Biological Insight toward Engineering an Optimized Anticancer Biodrug |
| title_fullStr |
Cytochrome c: Using Biological Insight toward Engineering an Optimized Anticancer Biodrug |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Cytochrome c: Using Biological Insight toward Engineering an Optimized Anticancer Biodrug |
| title_sort |
cytochrome c: using biological insight toward engineering an optimized anticancer biodrug |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/dfe1538b7c8849238d3ba678d4a463d2 |
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