A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States

Abstract Ensuring safe water supply for communities across the United States is a growing challenge due to aging infrastructure, impaired source water, strained community finances, etc. In 2019, about 6% of public water utilities in the U.S. had a health-based violation. Due to the high risk of expo...

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Autores principales:	Jishan Wu, Miao Cao, Draco Tong, Zach Finkelstein, Eric M. V. Hoek
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e090e0e2dbdf4bb6b80721c7f805cfd8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e090e0e2dbdf4bb6b80721c7f805cfd82021-12-02T17:03:51ZA critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States10.1038/s41545-021-00128-z2059-7037https://doaj.org/article/e090e0e2dbdf4bb6b80721c7f805cfd82021-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-021-00128-zhttps://doaj.org/toc/2059-7037Abstract Ensuring safe water supply for communities across the United States is a growing challenge due to aging infrastructure, impaired source water, strained community finances, etc. In 2019, about 6% of public water utilities in the U.S. had a health-based violation. Due to the high risk of exposure to various contaminants in drinking water, point-of-use (POU) drinking water treatment is rapidly growing in popularity in the U.S. and beyond. POU treatment technologies include various combinations of string-wound sediment filters, activated carbon, modified carbon, ion exchange and redox media filters, reverse osmosis membranes, and ultraviolet lamps depending on the contaminants of concern. While the technologies are well-proven, highly commoditized, and cost-effective, most systems offer little in the way of real-time performance monitoring or interactive technology like other smart home appliances (e.g., thermostats, smoke detectors, doorbells, etc.). Herein, we review water quality regulations and violations in the U.S. as well as state-of-the-art POU technologies and systems with an emphasis on their effectiveness at removing the contaminants most frequently reported in notices of violations. We conclude by briefly reviewing emerging smart water technologies and the needs for advances in the state-of-the-art technologies. The smartness of commercially available POU water filters is critiqued and a definition of smart water filter is proposed.Jishan WuMiao CaoDraco TongZach FinkelsteinEric M. V. HoekNature PortfolioarticleWater supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENnpj Clean Water, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 1-25 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Jishan Wu Miao Cao Draco Tong Zach Finkelstein Eric M. V. Hoek A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States
description	Abstract Ensuring safe water supply for communities across the United States is a growing challenge due to aging infrastructure, impaired source water, strained community finances, etc. In 2019, about 6% of public water utilities in the U.S. had a health-based violation. Due to the high risk of exposure to various contaminants in drinking water, point-of-use (POU) drinking water treatment is rapidly growing in popularity in the U.S. and beyond. POU treatment technologies include various combinations of string-wound sediment filters, activated carbon, modified carbon, ion exchange and redox media filters, reverse osmosis membranes, and ultraviolet lamps depending on the contaminants of concern. While the technologies are well-proven, highly commoditized, and cost-effective, most systems offer little in the way of real-time performance monitoring or interactive technology like other smart home appliances (e.g., thermostats, smoke detectors, doorbells, etc.). Herein, we review water quality regulations and violations in the U.S. as well as state-of-the-art POU technologies and systems with an emphasis on their effectiveness at removing the contaminants most frequently reported in notices of violations. We conclude by briefly reviewing emerging smart water technologies and the needs for advances in the state-of-the-art technologies. The smartness of commercially available POU water filters is critiqued and a definition of smart water filter is proposed.
format	article
author	Jishan Wu Miao Cao Draco Tong Zach Finkelstein Eric M. V. Hoek
author_facet	Jishan Wu Miao Cao Draco Tong Zach Finkelstein Eric M. V. Hoek
author_sort	Jishan Wu
title	A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States
title_short	A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States
title_full	A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States
title_fullStr	A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States
title_full_unstemmed	A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States
title_sort	critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the united states
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e090e0e2dbdf4bb6b80721c7f805cfd8
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A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States

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