Microbial Contamination Survey of Environmental Fresh and Saltwater Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa

Analysis of microbe diversity in freshwater resources and nearshore seawater samples of Upolu Island was performed to investigate the distribution of harmful bacteria. For this, 124 samples were collected from 23 river systems, two volcanic lakes, and 45 locations inside and outside the barrier reef...

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Autores principales:	Michael A. Ochsenkühn, Cong Fei, Odmaa Bayaara, Emarosa Romeo, Patila Amosa, Youssef Idaghdour, Gary Goldstein, Timothy G. Bromage, Shady A. Amin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	microbes freshwater saltwater diversity fecal biosecurity Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e0ab915707bc48a1b17c2912040d7d04
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e0ab915707bc48a1b17c2912040d7d042021-11-25T17:30:59ZMicrobial Contamination Survey of Environmental Fresh and Saltwater Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa10.3390/environments81101122076-3298https://doaj.org/article/e0ab915707bc48a1b17c2912040d7d042021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/8/11/112https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3298Analysis of microbe diversity in freshwater resources and nearshore seawater samples of Upolu Island was performed to investigate the distribution of harmful bacteria. For this, 124 samples were collected from 23 river systems, two volcanic lakes, and 45 locations inside and outside the barrier reef of Upolu Island, Samoa. Physicochemical parameters for general water quality, detection of coliform bacteria and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were performed on all samples. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) testing indicated a wide distribution of coliform bacteria in all sampled freshwater sites with evidence of fecal coliform in most locations. Importantly, evidence of coliform bacteria was found in most seawater samples inside and along the reef, apart from those samples taken ~20 km offshore. Illumina 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region confirmed the presence of various types of harmful bacterial species, namely from the <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>, <i>Enterococcae</i>, <i>Streptococcaceae</i>, and <i>Vibrionacea</i> families. By combining the sensitivity of FIB testing and next-generation sequencing, we were able to show the extent of potential contaminations in fresh and seawater samples and simultaneously identify the potential pathogenic bacterial genera present. The wide distribution of potential harmful bacteria from river runoff or direct sewage dumping has an impact on human health, leading to many skin and intestinal diseases, and is potentially detrimental to coral reef community health.Michael A. OchsenkühnCong FeiOdmaa BayaaraEmarosa RomeoPatila AmosaYoussef IdaghdourGary GoldsteinTimothy G. BromageShady A. AminMDPI AGarticlemicrobesfreshwatersaltwaterdiversityfecalbiosecurityEnvironmental technology. Sanitary engineeringTD1-1066ENEnvironments, Vol 8, Iss 112, p 112 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	microbes freshwater saltwater diversity fecal biosecurity Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
spellingShingle	microbes freshwater saltwater diversity fecal biosecurity Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 Michael A. Ochsenkühn Cong Fei Odmaa Bayaara Emarosa Romeo Patila Amosa Youssef Idaghdour Gary Goldstein Timothy G. Bromage Shady A. Amin Microbial Contamination Survey of Environmental Fresh and Saltwater Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa
description	Analysis of microbe diversity in freshwater resources and nearshore seawater samples of Upolu Island was performed to investigate the distribution of harmful bacteria. For this, 124 samples were collected from 23 river systems, two volcanic lakes, and 45 locations inside and outside the barrier reef of Upolu Island, Samoa. Physicochemical parameters for general water quality, detection of coliform bacteria and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were performed on all samples. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) testing indicated a wide distribution of coliform bacteria in all sampled freshwater sites with evidence of fecal coliform in most locations. Importantly, evidence of coliform bacteria was found in most seawater samples inside and along the reef, apart from those samples taken ~20 km offshore. Illumina 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region confirmed the presence of various types of harmful bacterial species, namely from the <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>, <i>Enterococcae</i>, <i>Streptococcaceae</i>, and <i>Vibrionacea</i> families. By combining the sensitivity of FIB testing and next-generation sequencing, we were able to show the extent of potential contaminations in fresh and seawater samples and simultaneously identify the potential pathogenic bacterial genera present. The wide distribution of potential harmful bacteria from river runoff or direct sewage dumping has an impact on human health, leading to many skin and intestinal diseases, and is potentially detrimental to coral reef community health.
format	article
author	Michael A. Ochsenkühn Cong Fei Odmaa Bayaara Emarosa Romeo Patila Amosa Youssef Idaghdour Gary Goldstein Timothy G. Bromage Shady A. Amin
author_facet	Michael A. Ochsenkühn Cong Fei Odmaa Bayaara Emarosa Romeo Patila Amosa Youssef Idaghdour Gary Goldstein Timothy G. Bromage Shady A. Amin
author_sort	Michael A. Ochsenkühn
title	Microbial Contamination Survey of Environmental Fresh and Saltwater Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa
title_short	Microbial Contamination Survey of Environmental Fresh and Saltwater Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa
title_full	Microbial Contamination Survey of Environmental Fresh and Saltwater Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa
title_fullStr	Microbial Contamination Survey of Environmental Fresh and Saltwater Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa
title_full_unstemmed	Microbial Contamination Survey of Environmental Fresh and Saltwater Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa
title_sort	microbial contamination survey of environmental fresh and saltwater resources of upolu island, samoa
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e0ab915707bc48a1b17c2912040d7d04
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Microbial Contamination Survey of Environmental Fresh and Saltwater Resources of Upolu Island, Samoa

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