Rare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil

Besides neodymium, the chemical composition of Neodymium–Iron–Boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets possibly contains other rare earth elements (REEs) such as praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium. Among its applications, NdFeB magnets are essential for Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in computers for data storag...

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Autores principales:	Daniel Dotto München, Ronei Tiago Stein, Hugo Marcelo Veit
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	NdFeB magnet recycling potential rare earth elements hard disk drives mobile phones Mineralogy QE351-399.2
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e1369bace2f74f88907dcdf973f7c50c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e1369bace2f74f88907dcdf973f7c50c2021-11-25T18:26:09ZRare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil10.3390/min111111902075-163Xhttps://doaj.org/article/e1369bace2f74f88907dcdf973f7c50c2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/11/1190https://doaj.org/toc/2075-163XBesides neodymium, the chemical composition of Neodymium–Iron–Boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets possibly contains other rare earth elements (REEs) such as praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium. Among its applications, NdFeB magnets are essential for Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in computers for data storage, in Mobile Phones (MPs), and in acoustic transducers. Because REEs were classified as critical raw materials by the European Union and the USA, the recycling of them has become an important strategy to diminish supply risk. Therefore, in this publication, the authors have uncovered the recycling potential estimate (RPE) of these four REEs from both end-of-life (EoL) secondary sources. The results were based on the time-step method, using in-use stock and sales data from Brazil over the last decade (2010–2019). Moreover, the NdFeB magnets were characterized by content and weight to a more accurate RPE. The EoL generation over the decade studied showed different scenarios for MPs and HDDs, mainly due to lifespan, social behavior regarding storage and usage, and resources. Under those circumstances, the RPE revealed 211.30 t of REEs that could return as raw materials in the last decade, of which approximately 80% is neodymium. Unfortunately, recycling rates are still too low, even more so in Brazil, which is problematic for the future REE supply chain and electronic waste figures.Daniel Dotto MünchenRonei Tiago SteinHugo Marcelo VeitMDPI AGarticleNdFeB magnetrecycling potentialrare earth elementshard disk drivesmobile phonesMineralogyQE351-399.2ENMinerals, Vol 11, Iss 1190, p 1190 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	NdFeB magnet recycling potential rare earth elements hard disk drives mobile phones Mineralogy QE351-399.2
spellingShingle	NdFeB magnet recycling potential rare earth elements hard disk drives mobile phones Mineralogy QE351-399.2 Daniel Dotto München Ronei Tiago Stein Hugo Marcelo Veit Rare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil
description	Besides neodymium, the chemical composition of Neodymium–Iron–Boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets possibly contains other rare earth elements (REEs) such as praseodymium, dysprosium, and terbium. Among its applications, NdFeB magnets are essential for Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in computers for data storage, in Mobile Phones (MPs), and in acoustic transducers. Because REEs were classified as critical raw materials by the European Union and the USA, the recycling of them has become an important strategy to diminish supply risk. Therefore, in this publication, the authors have uncovered the recycling potential estimate (RPE) of these four REEs from both end-of-life (EoL) secondary sources. The results were based on the time-step method, using in-use stock and sales data from Brazil over the last decade (2010–2019). Moreover, the NdFeB magnets were characterized by content and weight to a more accurate RPE. The EoL generation over the decade studied showed different scenarios for MPs and HDDs, mainly due to lifespan, social behavior regarding storage and usage, and resources. Under those circumstances, the RPE revealed 211.30 t of REEs that could return as raw materials in the last decade, of which approximately 80% is neodymium. Unfortunately, recycling rates are still too low, even more so in Brazil, which is problematic for the future REE supply chain and electronic waste figures.
format	article
author	Daniel Dotto München Ronei Tiago Stein Hugo Marcelo Veit
author_facet	Daniel Dotto München Ronei Tiago Stein Hugo Marcelo Veit
author_sort	Daniel Dotto München
title	Rare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil
title_short	Rare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil
title_full	Rare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil
title_fullStr	Rare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil
title_full_unstemmed	Rare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil
title_sort	rare earth elements recycling potential estimate based on end-of-life ndfeb permanent magnets from mobile phones and hard disk drives in brazil
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e1369bace2f74f88907dcdf973f7c50c
work_keys_str_mv	AT danieldottomunchen rareearthelementsrecyclingpotentialestimatebasedonendoflifendfebpermanentmagnetsfrommobilephonesandharddiskdrivesinbrazil AT roneitiagostein rareearthelementsrecyclingpotentialestimatebasedonendoflifendfebpermanentmagnetsfrommobilephonesandharddiskdrivesinbrazil AT hugomarceloveit rareearthelementsrecyclingpotentialestimatebasedonendoflifendfebpermanentmagnetsfrommobilephonesandharddiskdrivesinbrazil
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Rare Earth Elements Recycling Potential Estimate Based on End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnets from Mobile Phones and Hard Disk Drives in Brazil

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