Immuno-Endocrinology of COVID-19: The Key Role of Sex Hormones

Epidemiological evidence shows clear gender disparities in the Coronavirus 2019 Disease (COVID-19) severity and fatality. This may reflect the contribution of gender-related factors, such as sex hormones, to COVID-19 pathogenesis. However, the mechanism linking gender disparities to COVID-19 severit...

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Autores principales:	Flavia Tramontana, Sofia Battisti, Nicola Napoli, Rocky Strollo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	COVID-19 sex hormones immuno-endocrinology immune response estrogen Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology RC648-665
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e160cb1a1f2045b4a9d03be4e3bc1531
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e160cb1a1f2045b4a9d03be4e3bc15312021-12-02T11:29:48ZImmuno-Endocrinology of COVID-19: The Key Role of Sex Hormones1664-239210.3389/fendo.2021.726696https://doaj.org/article/e160cb1a1f2045b4a9d03be4e3bc15312021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2021.726696/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-2392Epidemiological evidence shows clear gender disparities in the Coronavirus 2019 Disease (COVID-19) severity and fatality. This may reflect the contribution of gender-related factors, such as sex hormones, to COVID-19 pathogenesis. However, the mechanism linking gender disparities to COVID-19 severity is still poorly understood. In this review, we will pinpoint several elements involved in COVID-19 pathogenesis that are regulated by the two main sex hormones, estrogen and androgen. These include tissue specific gene regulation of SARS-CoV2 entry factors, innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, immunometabolism, and susceptibility to tissue injury by cytopathic effect or hyper-inflammatory response. We will discuss the mechanistic link between sex hormone regulation of COVID-19 pathogenetic factors and disease severity. Finally, we will summarize current evidence from clinical studies and trials targeting sex hormones and their signalling in COVID-19. A better understanding of the role of sex hormones in COVID-19 may identify targets for therapeutic intervention and allow optimization of treatment outcomes towards gender-based personalised medicine.Flavia TramontanaSofia BattistiSofia BattistiSofia BattistiNicola NapoliRocky StrolloFrontiers Media S.A.articleCOVID-19sex hormonesimmuno-endocrinologyimmune responseestrogenDiseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinologyRC648-665ENFrontiers in Endocrinology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	COVID-19 sex hormones immuno-endocrinology immune response estrogen Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology RC648-665
spellingShingle	COVID-19 sex hormones immuno-endocrinology immune response estrogen Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology RC648-665 Flavia Tramontana Sofia Battisti Sofia Battisti Sofia Battisti Nicola Napoli Rocky Strollo Immuno-Endocrinology of COVID-19: The Key Role of Sex Hormones
description	Epidemiological evidence shows clear gender disparities in the Coronavirus 2019 Disease (COVID-19) severity and fatality. This may reflect the contribution of gender-related factors, such as sex hormones, to COVID-19 pathogenesis. However, the mechanism linking gender disparities to COVID-19 severity is still poorly understood. In this review, we will pinpoint several elements involved in COVID-19 pathogenesis that are regulated by the two main sex hormones, estrogen and androgen. These include tissue specific gene regulation of SARS-CoV2 entry factors, innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, immunometabolism, and susceptibility to tissue injury by cytopathic effect or hyper-inflammatory response. We will discuss the mechanistic link between sex hormone regulation of COVID-19 pathogenetic factors and disease severity. Finally, we will summarize current evidence from clinical studies and trials targeting sex hormones and their signalling in COVID-19. A better understanding of the role of sex hormones in COVID-19 may identify targets for therapeutic intervention and allow optimization of treatment outcomes towards gender-based personalised medicine.
format	article
author	Flavia Tramontana Sofia Battisti Sofia Battisti Sofia Battisti Nicola Napoli Rocky Strollo
author_facet	Flavia Tramontana Sofia Battisti Sofia Battisti Sofia Battisti Nicola Napoli Rocky Strollo
author_sort	Flavia Tramontana
title	Immuno-Endocrinology of COVID-19: The Key Role of Sex Hormones
title_short	Immuno-Endocrinology of COVID-19: The Key Role of Sex Hormones
title_full	Immuno-Endocrinology of COVID-19: The Key Role of Sex Hormones
title_fullStr	Immuno-Endocrinology of COVID-19: The Key Role of Sex Hormones
title_full_unstemmed	Immuno-Endocrinology of COVID-19: The Key Role of Sex Hormones
title_sort	immuno-endocrinology of covid-19: the key role of sex hormones
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e160cb1a1f2045b4a9d03be4e3bc1531
work_keys_str_mv	AT flaviatramontana immunoendocrinologyofcovid19thekeyroleofsexhormones AT sofiabattisti immunoendocrinologyofcovid19thekeyroleofsexhormones AT sofiabattisti immunoendocrinologyofcovid19thekeyroleofsexhormones AT sofiabattisti immunoendocrinologyofcovid19thekeyroleofsexhormones AT nicolanapoli immunoendocrinologyofcovid19thekeyroleofsexhormones AT rockystrollo immunoendocrinologyofcovid19thekeyroleofsexhormones
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Immuno-Endocrinology of COVID-19: The Key Role of Sex Hormones

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