Preliminary Observations on <i>Viola calcarata</i> as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Two Alpine Subspecies

<i>Viola</i> L. is a botanical genus with approximately 525 to 620 species, spread worldwide. Several violets are traditionally used as edible flowers and have been recently proved to be a source of bioactive compounds, including flavonols, flavanols, benzoic acids, and cinnamic acids. H...

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Autores principales:	Nicole Mélanie Falla, Sonia Demasi, Matteo Caser, Valentina Scariot
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Viola calcarata</i> subsp. <i>calcarata</i> <i>Viola calcarata</i> subsp. <i>villarsiana</i> antioxidant activity phenolic compounds anthocyanins vitamin C Agriculture S
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e16283a7b20f4c95845b4cc7c1d4633d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e16283a7b20f4c95845b4cc7c1d4633d2021-11-25T16:08:14ZPreliminary Observations on <i>Viola calcarata</i> as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Two Alpine Subspecies10.3390/agronomy111122412073-4395https://doaj.org/article/e16283a7b20f4c95845b4cc7c1d4633d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2241https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395<i>Viola</i> L. is a botanical genus with approximately 525 to 620 species, spread worldwide. Several violets are traditionally used as edible flowers and have been recently proved to be a source of bioactive compounds, including flavonols, flavanols, benzoic acids, and cinnamic acids. However, no information is available about the phytochemical profile of the <i>Viola calcarata</i> complex, which is found in the Alpine environment. Thus, the present research aimed to assess the antioxidant activity and the presence of bioactive compounds (anthocyanins and phenolic compounds) in <i>V. calcarata</i> subspecies, to promote their biodiversity and use in the agrifood sector. Two <i>V. calcarata</i> subspecies were chosen, with different colors: <i>V. calcarata</i> subspecies <i>calcarata</i> L., with white (CW), yellow (CY), and violet flowers (CV); and <i>V. calcarata</i> subspecies <i>villarsiana</i> (Roem & Schult.) Merxm., with bicolor (violet and yellow—VB) flowers. CY showed a significantly higher phenolic content (1116.43 mg GAE 100 g<sup>−1</sup> FW) than the other subspecies, while CV showed higher values in anthocyanins content (44.73 mg C3G 100 g<sup>−1</sup> FW). Regarding the antioxidant activity, CW (215.07 mmol Fe<sup>2+</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup> FW, 99.53 µmol TE g<sup>−1</sup> FW, and 32.30 µmol TE g<sup>−1</sup> FW for FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS, respectively) and VB (217.33 mmol Fe<sup>2+</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup> FW, 90.97 µmol TE g<sup>−1</sup> FW, and 29.17 µmol TE g<sup>−1</sup> FW for FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS, respectively) showed the highest values. Through HPLC, a total of eight phenolic compounds were quantitatively identified among the two subspecies, including flavonols, cinnamic acids, benzoic acids, catechins, and vitamin C. Though different in their composition, the two subspecies are rich in phenolic compounds, highlighting the importance of preserving their biodiversity and their potential use in the agrifood sector.Nicole Mélanie FallaSonia DemasiMatteo CaserValentina ScariotMDPI AGarticle<i>Viola calcarata</i> subsp. <i>calcarata</i><i>Viola calcarata</i> subsp. <i>villarsiana</i>antioxidant activityphenolic compoundsanthocyaninsvitamin CAgricultureSENAgronomy, Vol 11, Iss 2241, p 2241 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Viola calcarata</i> subsp. <i>calcarata</i> <i>Viola calcarata</i> subsp. <i>villarsiana</i> antioxidant activity phenolic compounds anthocyanins vitamin C Agriculture S
spellingShingle	<i>Viola calcarata</i> subsp. <i>calcarata</i> <i>Viola calcarata</i> subsp. <i>villarsiana</i> antioxidant activity phenolic compounds anthocyanins vitamin C Agriculture S Nicole Mélanie Falla Sonia Demasi Matteo Caser Valentina Scariot Preliminary Observations on <i>Viola calcarata</i> as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Two Alpine Subspecies
description	<i>Viola</i> L. is a botanical genus with approximately 525 to 620 species, spread worldwide. Several violets are traditionally used as edible flowers and have been recently proved to be a source of bioactive compounds, including flavonols, flavanols, benzoic acids, and cinnamic acids. However, no information is available about the phytochemical profile of the <i>Viola calcarata</i> complex, which is found in the Alpine environment. Thus, the present research aimed to assess the antioxidant activity and the presence of bioactive compounds (anthocyanins and phenolic compounds) in <i>V. calcarata</i> subspecies, to promote their biodiversity and use in the agrifood sector. Two <i>V. calcarata</i> subspecies were chosen, with different colors: <i>V. calcarata</i> subspecies <i>calcarata</i> L., with white (CW), yellow (CY), and violet flowers (CV); and <i>V. calcarata</i> subspecies <i>villarsiana</i> (Roem & Schult.) Merxm., with bicolor (violet and yellow—VB) flowers. CY showed a significantly higher phenolic content (1116.43 mg GAE 100 g<sup>−1</sup> FW) than the other subspecies, while CV showed higher values in anthocyanins content (44.73 mg C3G 100 g<sup>−1</sup> FW). Regarding the antioxidant activity, CW (215.07 mmol Fe<sup>2+</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup> FW, 99.53 µmol TE g<sup>−1</sup> FW, and 32.30 µmol TE g<sup>−1</sup> FW for FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS, respectively) and VB (217.33 mmol Fe<sup>2+</sup> kg<sup>−1</sup> FW, 90.97 µmol TE g<sup>−1</sup> FW, and 29.17 µmol TE g<sup>−1</sup> FW for FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS, respectively) showed the highest values. Through HPLC, a total of eight phenolic compounds were quantitatively identified among the two subspecies, including flavonols, cinnamic acids, benzoic acids, catechins, and vitamin C. Though different in their composition, the two subspecies are rich in phenolic compounds, highlighting the importance of preserving their biodiversity and their potential use in the agrifood sector.
format	article
author	Nicole Mélanie Falla Sonia Demasi Matteo Caser Valentina Scariot
author_facet	Nicole Mélanie Falla Sonia Demasi Matteo Caser Valentina Scariot
author_sort	Nicole Mélanie Falla
title	Preliminary Observations on <i>Viola calcarata</i> as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Two Alpine Subspecies
title_short	Preliminary Observations on <i>Viola calcarata</i> as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Two Alpine Subspecies
title_full	Preliminary Observations on <i>Viola calcarata</i> as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Two Alpine Subspecies
title_fullStr	Preliminary Observations on <i>Viola calcarata</i> as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Two Alpine Subspecies
title_full_unstemmed	Preliminary Observations on <i>Viola calcarata</i> as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Two Alpine Subspecies
title_sort	preliminary observations on <i>viola calcarata</i> as a source of bioactive compounds: antioxidant activity and phytochemical profile of two alpine subspecies
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e16283a7b20f4c95845b4cc7c1d4633d
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Preliminary Observations on <i>Viola calcarata</i> as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Two Alpine Subspecies

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