In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain

Sultan F Alnomasy Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Sultan F Alnomasy Email s.alnomasy@su.edu.saBackground: Since no effective vaccine has been developed for toxoplasmosis, prophyla...

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Autor principal:	Alnomasy SF
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2021
Materias:	toxoplasmosis rh train prophylaxis herbal medicines tachyzoites Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e1aebc2c0ac04275b1cbfb72c1e4055d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e1aebc2c0ac04275b1cbfb72c1e4055d2021-11-30T18:50:36ZIn vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain1178-6973https://doaj.org/article/e1aebc2c0ac04275b1cbfb72c1e4055d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/in-vitro-and-in-vivo-anti-toxoplasma-effects-of-allium-sativum-essenti-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDRhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-6973Sultan F Alnomasy Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Sultan F Alnomasy Email s.alnomasy@su.edu.saBackground: Since no effective vaccine has been developed for toxoplasmosis, prophylaxis in seronegative pregnant women and immunocompromised patients with a CD4 < 100 cells/μL is highly recommended as an ideal strategy to prevent this disease. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition, in vitro, and in vivo effects of Allium sativum essential oil (ASEO) against Toxoplasma gondii RH strain.Methods: The in vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects of different concentrations of ASEO (32.5, 75, 150 μg/mL) were measured by MTT assay for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h. Male Balb/c mice were orally administrated ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 μg/kg/day for 14 days. One day after the completion of oral drug administration, the mice in all groups were infected intraperitoneally with 1× 104 tachyzoites. They were checked daily and the rate of survival was recorded. The peritoneal fluids of the mice were collected and the mean number of tachyzoites was calculated via a light microscope. The level of liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO), toxicity effects on the liver and kidney, and the mRNA expression levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IFN-γ were determined by quantitative real-time PCR.Results: Different concentrations of ASEO showed a significant (p < 0.001) anti-Toxoplasma activity against T. gondii tachyzoites, and the highest efficacy was observed at the concentration of 150 μg/mL. Fourteen days of pre-treatment of infected mice with ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 μg/kg/day significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the mean number of tachyzoites and mortality rate by the 6th, 7th, and 8th days after infection, respectively. ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 μg/kg/day significantly (p < 0.05) improved the increase in the LPO and NO. Pre-treatment of mice with different doses of ASEO provoked a considerable (P < 0.001) downregulation of IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNA gene expression levels, but it had no significant toxicity on the serum levels of some liver and kidney enzymes.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the considerable prophylactic effects of ASEO that increased the survival rate of mice and reduced the parasite load in them. Our findings also showed that ASEO promotes the innate immune system, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibition of hepatic injury, etc. in the mice with acute toxoplasmosis. However, additional investigations are mandatory to clarify the accurate prophylactic and therapeutic anti-Toxoplasma mechanisms of ASEO as well as all its toxicity aspects, especially in clinical settings.Keywords: toxoplasmosis, RH strain, prophylaxis, herbal medicines, tachyzoitesAlnomasy SFDove Medical Pressarticletoxoplasmosisrh trainprophylaxisherbal medicinestachyzoitesInfectious and parasitic diseasesRC109-216ENInfection and Drug Resistance, Vol Volume 14, Pp 5057-5068 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	toxoplasmosis rh train prophylaxis herbal medicines tachyzoites Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
spellingShingle	toxoplasmosis rh train prophylaxis herbal medicines tachyzoites Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 Alnomasy SF In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain
description	Sultan F Alnomasy Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Sultan F Alnomasy Email s.alnomasy@su.edu.saBackground: Since no effective vaccine has been developed for toxoplasmosis, prophylaxis in seronegative pregnant women and immunocompromised patients with a CD4 < 100 cells/μL is highly recommended as an ideal strategy to prevent this disease. This study aimed to assess the chemical composition, in vitro, and in vivo effects of Allium sativum essential oil (ASEO) against Toxoplasma gondii RH strain.Methods: The in vitro anti-Toxoplasma effects of different concentrations of ASEO (32.5, 75, 150 μg/mL) were measured by MTT assay for 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h. Male Balb/c mice were orally administrated ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 μg/kg/day for 14 days. One day after the completion of oral drug administration, the mice in all groups were infected intraperitoneally with 1× 104 tachyzoites. They were checked daily and the rate of survival was recorded. The peritoneal fluids of the mice were collected and the mean number of tachyzoites was calculated via a light microscope. The level of liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO), toxicity effects on the liver and kidney, and the mRNA expression levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IFN-γ were determined by quantitative real-time PCR.Results: Different concentrations of ASEO showed a significant (p < 0.001) anti-Toxoplasma activity against T. gondii tachyzoites, and the highest efficacy was observed at the concentration of 150 μg/mL. Fourteen days of pre-treatment of infected mice with ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 μg/kg/day significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the mean number of tachyzoites and mortality rate by the 6th, 7th, and 8th days after infection, respectively. ASEO at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 μg/kg/day significantly (p < 0.05) improved the increase in the LPO and NO. Pre-treatment of mice with different doses of ASEO provoked a considerable (P < 0.001) downregulation of IL-1β and IFN-γ mRNA gene expression levels, but it had no significant toxicity on the serum levels of some liver and kidney enzymes.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the considerable prophylactic effects of ASEO that increased the survival rate of mice and reduced the parasite load in them. Our findings also showed that ASEO promotes the innate immune system, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibition of hepatic injury, etc. in the mice with acute toxoplasmosis. However, additional investigations are mandatory to clarify the accurate prophylactic and therapeutic anti-Toxoplasma mechanisms of ASEO as well as all its toxicity aspects, especially in clinical settings.Keywords: toxoplasmosis, RH strain, prophylaxis, herbal medicines, tachyzoites
format	article
author	Alnomasy SF
author_facet	Alnomasy SF
author_sort	Alnomasy SF
title	In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain
title_short	In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain
title_full	In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain
title_fullStr	In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain
title_full_unstemmed	In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain
title_sort	in vitro and in vivo anti-toxoplasma effects of allium sativum essential oil against toxoplasma gondii rh strain
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e1aebc2c0ac04275b1cbfb72c1e4055d
work_keys_str_mv	AT alnomasysf invitroandinvivoantitoxoplasmaeffectsofalliumsativumessentialoilagainsttoxoplasmagondiirhstrain
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In vitro and in vivo Anti-Toxoplasma Effects of Allium sativum Essential Oil Against Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain

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