The UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling

As cities are growing in size and complexity, the estimation of air pollution exposure requires a detailed spatial representation of air pollution levels, rather than homogenous fields, provided by global- or regional-scale models. A critical input for city-scale modeling is a timely and spatially r...

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Autores principales:	Martin Otto Paul Ramacher, Anastasia Kakouri, Orestis Speyer, Josefine Feldner, Matthias Karl, Renske Timmermans, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Jeroen Kuenen, Evangelos Gerasopoulos, Eleni Athanasopoulou
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	air pollution modeling air quality modeling emission rate modeling urban air pollution chemistry transport modeling EPISODE-CityChem Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e1bd5e5d20404bc69bf91282c154b21b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e1bd5e5d20404bc69bf91282c154b21b2021-11-25T16:44:10ZThe UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling10.3390/atmos121114042073-4433https://doaj.org/article/e1bd5e5d20404bc69bf91282c154b21b2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1404https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433As cities are growing in size and complexity, the estimation of air pollution exposure requires a detailed spatial representation of air pollution levels, rather than homogenous fields, provided by global- or regional-scale models. A critical input for city-scale modeling is a timely and spatially resolved emission inventory. Bottom–up approaches to create urban-scale emission inventories can be a demanding and time-consuming task, whereas local emission rates derived from a top–down approach may lack accuracy. In the frame of this study, the UrbEm approach of downscaling gridded emission inventories is developed, investing upon existing, open access, and credible emission data sources. As a proof-of-concept, the regional anthropogenic emissions by Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) are handled with a top–down approach, creating an added-value product of anthropogenic emissions of trace gases and particulate matter for any city (or area) of Europe, at the desired spatial resolution down to 1 km. The disaggregation is based on contemporary proxies for the European area (e.g., Global Human Settlement population data, Urban Atlas 2012, Corine, OpenStreetMap data). The UrbEm approach is realized as a fully automated software tool to produce a detailed mapping of industrial (point), (road-) transport (line), and residential/agricultural/other (area) emission sources. Line sources are of particular value for air quality studies at the urban scale, as they enable explicit treatment of line sources by models capturing among others the street canyon effect and offer an overall better representation of the critical road transport sector. The UrbEm approach is an efficient solution for such studies and constitutes a fully credible option in case high-resolution emission inventories do not exist for a city (or area) of interest. The validity of UrbEm is examined through the evaluation of high-resolution air pollution predictions over Athens and Hamburg against in situ measurements. In addition to a better spatial representation of emission sources and especially hotspots, the air quality modeling results show that UrbEm outputs, when compared to a uniform spatial disaggregation, have an impact on NO<sub>2</sub> predictions up to 70% for urban regions with complex topographies, which corresponds to a big improvement of model accuracy (FAC2 > 0.5), especially at the source-impacted sites.Martin Otto Paul RamacherAnastasia KakouriOrestis SpeyerJosefine FeldnerMatthias KarlRenske TimmermansHugo Denier van der GonJeroen KuenenEvangelos GerasopoulosEleni AthanasopoulouMDPI AGarticleair pollution modelingair quality modelingemission rate modelingurban air pollutionchemistry transport modelingEPISODE-CityChemMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1404, p 1404 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	air pollution modeling air quality modeling emission rate modeling urban air pollution chemistry transport modeling EPISODE-CityChem Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	air pollution modeling air quality modeling emission rate modeling urban air pollution chemistry transport modeling EPISODE-CityChem Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Martin Otto Paul Ramacher Anastasia Kakouri Orestis Speyer Josefine Feldner Matthias Karl Renske Timmermans Hugo Denier van der Gon Jeroen Kuenen Evangelos Gerasopoulos Eleni Athanasopoulou The UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling
description	As cities are growing in size and complexity, the estimation of air pollution exposure requires a detailed spatial representation of air pollution levels, rather than homogenous fields, provided by global- or regional-scale models. A critical input for city-scale modeling is a timely and spatially resolved emission inventory. Bottom–up approaches to create urban-scale emission inventories can be a demanding and time-consuming task, whereas local emission rates derived from a top–down approach may lack accuracy. In the frame of this study, the UrbEm approach of downscaling gridded emission inventories is developed, investing upon existing, open access, and credible emission data sources. As a proof-of-concept, the regional anthropogenic emissions by Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) are handled with a top–down approach, creating an added-value product of anthropogenic emissions of trace gases and particulate matter for any city (or area) of Europe, at the desired spatial resolution down to 1 km. The disaggregation is based on contemporary proxies for the European area (e.g., Global Human Settlement population data, Urban Atlas 2012, Corine, OpenStreetMap data). The UrbEm approach is realized as a fully automated software tool to produce a detailed mapping of industrial (point), (road-) transport (line), and residential/agricultural/other (area) emission sources. Line sources are of particular value for air quality studies at the urban scale, as they enable explicit treatment of line sources by models capturing among others the street canyon effect and offer an overall better representation of the critical road transport sector. The UrbEm approach is an efficient solution for such studies and constitutes a fully credible option in case high-resolution emission inventories do not exist for a city (or area) of interest. The validity of UrbEm is examined through the evaluation of high-resolution air pollution predictions over Athens and Hamburg against in situ measurements. In addition to a better spatial representation of emission sources and especially hotspots, the air quality modeling results show that UrbEm outputs, when compared to a uniform spatial disaggregation, have an impact on NO<sub>2</sub> predictions up to 70% for urban regions with complex topographies, which corresponds to a big improvement of model accuracy (FAC2 > 0.5), especially at the source-impacted sites.
format	article
author	Martin Otto Paul Ramacher Anastasia Kakouri Orestis Speyer Josefine Feldner Matthias Karl Renske Timmermans Hugo Denier van der Gon Jeroen Kuenen Evangelos Gerasopoulos Eleni Athanasopoulou
author_facet	Martin Otto Paul Ramacher Anastasia Kakouri Orestis Speyer Josefine Feldner Matthias Karl Renske Timmermans Hugo Denier van der Gon Jeroen Kuenen Evangelos Gerasopoulos Eleni Athanasopoulou
author_sort	Martin Otto Paul Ramacher
title	The UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling
title_short	The UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling
title_full	The UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling
title_fullStr	The UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling
title_full_unstemmed	The UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling
title_sort	urbem hybrid method to derive high-resolution emissions for city-scale air quality modeling
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e1bd5e5d20404bc69bf91282c154b21b
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The UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling

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