Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin <i>Echinometra lucunter</i> and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)

Antiretrovirals (ARVs) have been detected in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world; however, studies focused on assessing their ecotoxicological effects on marine aquatic organisms are still rare. In the present study, the predicted environmental concentration (<i>PEC</i>) of 13 ARVs w...

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Autores principales:	Renato Sakai Cid, Vinicius Roveri, Diogo Guedes Vidal, Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis, Fernando Sanzi Cortez, Flávia Rigos Salgueiro, Walber Toma, Augusto Cesar, Luciana Lopes Guimarães
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	subtropical coastal zone waste treatment ocean dumping antiretrovirals predicted environmental concentration ecotoxicology Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e1fbed6e0eab4749afff78fcbe9b9896
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e1fbed6e0eab4749afff78fcbe9b98962021-11-25T18:55:56ZToxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin <i>Echinometra lucunter</i> and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)10.3390/resources101101142079-9276https://doaj.org/article/e1fbed6e0eab4749afff78fcbe9b98962021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/10/11/114https://doaj.org/toc/2079-9276Antiretrovirals (ARVs) have been detected in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world; however, studies focused on assessing their ecotoxicological effects on marine aquatic organisms are still rare. In the present study, the predicted environmental concentration (<i>PEC</i>) of 13 ARVs was estimated for surface seawater from Santos Bay, Brazil, according to the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) guidelines. The results indicated that all ARVs need to be assessed for their ecological effects, considering that they all exceeded the EMEA guideline limits (<i>PEC</i> > 0.01 µg L<sup>−1</sup>). In this sense, three ARVs (namely atazanavir, nevirapine and efavirenz) were selected for the acute and chronic tests with sea urchin (<i>Echinometra lucunter</i>). Furthermore, the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) for these three ARVs was also performed by calculating the risk quotient. The acute and chronic toxicity results showed inhibitory concentrations (<i>IC</i>) for the fertilization (<i>IC</i><sub>50</sub>; 1 h; range: 11.46–84.61 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) and for the embryo–larval development (<i>IC</i><sub>50</sub>; 42 h; range: 0.52–0.97 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) of the sea urchin, respectively. Moreover, the ERA showed that these three ARVs are potentially hazardous for aquatic life in Santos Bay, raising concerns about the continuous introduction of ARVs in aquatic ecosystems. The data presented may contribute to the provision of subsidies for the development of monitoring public policies that aim to reduce the introduction of ARVs into the aquatic environment.Renato Sakai CidVinicius RoveriDiogo Guedes VidalMaria Alzira Pimenta DinisFernando Sanzi CortezFlávia Rigos SalgueiroWalber TomaAugusto CesarLuciana Lopes GuimarãesMDPI AGarticlesubtropical coastal zonewaste treatmentocean dumpingantiretroviralspredicted environmental concentrationecotoxicologyScienceQENResources, Vol 10, Iss 114, p 114 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	subtropical coastal zone waste treatment ocean dumping antiretrovirals predicted environmental concentration ecotoxicology Science Q
spellingShingle	subtropical coastal zone waste treatment ocean dumping antiretrovirals predicted environmental concentration ecotoxicology Science Q Renato Sakai Cid Vinicius Roveri Diogo Guedes Vidal Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis Fernando Sanzi Cortez Flávia Rigos Salgueiro Walber Toma Augusto Cesar Luciana Lopes Guimarães Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin <i>Echinometra lucunter</i> and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)
description	Antiretrovirals (ARVs) have been detected in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world; however, studies focused on assessing their ecotoxicological effects on marine aquatic organisms are still rare. In the present study, the predicted environmental concentration (<i>PEC</i>) of 13 ARVs was estimated for surface seawater from Santos Bay, Brazil, according to the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) guidelines. The results indicated that all ARVs need to be assessed for their ecological effects, considering that they all exceeded the EMEA guideline limits (<i>PEC</i> > 0.01 µg L<sup>−1</sup>). In this sense, three ARVs (namely atazanavir, nevirapine and efavirenz) were selected for the acute and chronic tests with sea urchin (<i>Echinometra lucunter</i>). Furthermore, the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) for these three ARVs was also performed by calculating the risk quotient. The acute and chronic toxicity results showed inhibitory concentrations (<i>IC</i>) for the fertilization (<i>IC</i><sub>50</sub>; 1 h; range: 11.46–84.61 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) and for the embryo–larval development (<i>IC</i><sub>50</sub>; 42 h; range: 0.52–0.97 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) of the sea urchin, respectively. Moreover, the ERA showed that these three ARVs are potentially hazardous for aquatic life in Santos Bay, raising concerns about the continuous introduction of ARVs in aquatic ecosystems. The data presented may contribute to the provision of subsidies for the development of monitoring public policies that aim to reduce the introduction of ARVs into the aquatic environment.
format	article
author	Renato Sakai Cid Vinicius Roveri Diogo Guedes Vidal Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis Fernando Sanzi Cortez Flávia Rigos Salgueiro Walber Toma Augusto Cesar Luciana Lopes Guimarães
author_facet	Renato Sakai Cid Vinicius Roveri Diogo Guedes Vidal Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis Fernando Sanzi Cortez Flávia Rigos Salgueiro Walber Toma Augusto Cesar Luciana Lopes Guimarães
author_sort	Renato Sakai Cid
title	Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin <i>Echinometra lucunter</i> and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)
title_short	Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin <i>Echinometra lucunter</i> and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)
title_full	Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin <i>Echinometra lucunter</i> and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)
title_fullStr	Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin <i>Echinometra lucunter</i> and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)
title_full_unstemmed	Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin <i>Echinometra lucunter</i> and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)
title_sort	toxicity of antiretrovirals on the sea urchin <i>echinometra lucunter</i> and its predicted environmental concentration in seawater from santos bay (brazilian coastal zone)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e1fbed6e0eab4749afff78fcbe9b9896
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Toxicity of Antiretrovirals on the Sea Urchin <i>Echinometra lucunter</i> and Its Predicted Environmental Concentration in Seawater from Santos Bay (Brazilian Coastal Zone)

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