Breeding Beyond Monoculture: Putting the “Intercrop” Into Crops

Intercropping is both a well-established and yet novel agricultural practice, depending on one’s perspective. Such perspectives are principally governed by geographic location and whether monocultural practices predominate. Given the negative environmental effects of monoculture agriculture (loss of...

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Autores principales:	Peter M. Bourke, Jochem B. Evers, Piter Bijma, Dirk F. van Apeldoorn, Marinus J. M. Smulders, Thomas W. Kuyper, Liesje Mommer, Guusje Bonnema
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	intercropping plant breeding functional–structural plant modeling indirect genetic effects plant–plant interactions mycorrhiza Plant culture SB1-1110
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e201fbebf1314f4d9b97c961b22d20a2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e201fbebf1314f4d9b97c961b22d20a22021-11-18T05:42:22ZBreeding Beyond Monoculture: Putting the “Intercrop” Into Crops1664-462X10.3389/fpls.2021.734167https://doaj.org/article/e201fbebf1314f4d9b97c961b22d20a22021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.734167/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-462XIntercropping is both a well-established and yet novel agricultural practice, depending on one’s perspective. Such perspectives are principally governed by geographic location and whether monocultural practices predominate. Given the negative environmental effects of monoculture agriculture (loss of biodiversity, reliance on non-renewable inputs, soil degradation, etc.), there has been a renewed interest in cropping systems that can reduce the impact of modern agriculture while maintaining (or even increasing) yields. Intercropping is one of the most promising practices in this regard, yet faces a multitude of challenges if it is to compete with and ultimately replace the prevailing monocultural norm. These challenges include the necessity for more complex agricultural designs in space and time, bespoke machinery, and adapted crop cultivars. Plant breeding for monocultures has focused on maximizing yield in single-species stands, leading to highly productive yet specialized genotypes. However, indications suggest that these genotypes are not the best adapted to intercropping systems. Re-designing breeding programs to accommodate inter-specific interactions and compatibilities, with potentially multiple different intercropping partners, is certainly challenging, but recent technological advances offer novel solutions. We identify a number of such technology-driven directions, either ideotype-driven (i.e., “trait-based” breeding) or quantitative genetics-driven (i.e., “product-based” breeding). For ideotype breeding, plant growth modeling can help predict plant traits that affect both inter- and intraspecific interactions and their influence on crop performance. Quantitative breeding approaches, on the other hand, estimate breeding values of component crops without necessarily understanding the underlying mechanisms. We argue that a combined approach, for example, integrating plant growth modeling with genomic-assisted selection and indirect genetic effects, may offer the best chance to bridge the gap between current monoculture breeding programs and the more integrated and diverse breeding programs of the future.Peter M. BourkeJochem B. EversPiter BijmaDirk F. van ApeldoornDirk F. van ApeldoornMarinus J. M. SmuldersThomas W. KuyperLiesje MommerGuusje BonnemaFrontiers Media S.A.articleintercroppingplant breedingfunctional–structural plant modelingindirect genetic effectsplant–plant interactionsmycorrhizaPlant cultureSB1-1110ENFrontiers in Plant Science, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	intercropping plant breeding functional–structural plant modeling indirect genetic effects plant–plant interactions mycorrhiza Plant culture SB1-1110
spellingShingle	intercropping plant breeding functional–structural plant modeling indirect genetic effects plant–plant interactions mycorrhiza Plant culture SB1-1110 Peter M. Bourke Jochem B. Evers Piter Bijma Dirk F. van Apeldoorn Dirk F. van Apeldoorn Marinus J. M. Smulders Thomas W. Kuyper Liesje Mommer Guusje Bonnema Breeding Beyond Monoculture: Putting the “Intercrop” Into Crops
description	Intercropping is both a well-established and yet novel agricultural practice, depending on one’s perspective. Such perspectives are principally governed by geographic location and whether monocultural practices predominate. Given the negative environmental effects of monoculture agriculture (loss of biodiversity, reliance on non-renewable inputs, soil degradation, etc.), there has been a renewed interest in cropping systems that can reduce the impact of modern agriculture while maintaining (or even increasing) yields. Intercropping is one of the most promising practices in this regard, yet faces a multitude of challenges if it is to compete with and ultimately replace the prevailing monocultural norm. These challenges include the necessity for more complex agricultural designs in space and time, bespoke machinery, and adapted crop cultivars. Plant breeding for monocultures has focused on maximizing yield in single-species stands, leading to highly productive yet specialized genotypes. However, indications suggest that these genotypes are not the best adapted to intercropping systems. Re-designing breeding programs to accommodate inter-specific interactions and compatibilities, with potentially multiple different intercropping partners, is certainly challenging, but recent technological advances offer novel solutions. We identify a number of such technology-driven directions, either ideotype-driven (i.e., “trait-based” breeding) or quantitative genetics-driven (i.e., “product-based” breeding). For ideotype breeding, plant growth modeling can help predict plant traits that affect both inter- and intraspecific interactions and their influence on crop performance. Quantitative breeding approaches, on the other hand, estimate breeding values of component crops without necessarily understanding the underlying mechanisms. We argue that a combined approach, for example, integrating plant growth modeling with genomic-assisted selection and indirect genetic effects, may offer the best chance to bridge the gap between current monoculture breeding programs and the more integrated and diverse breeding programs of the future.
format	article
author	Peter M. Bourke Jochem B. Evers Piter Bijma Dirk F. van Apeldoorn Dirk F. van Apeldoorn Marinus J. M. Smulders Thomas W. Kuyper Liesje Mommer Guusje Bonnema
author_facet	Peter M. Bourke Jochem B. Evers Piter Bijma Dirk F. van Apeldoorn Dirk F. van Apeldoorn Marinus J. M. Smulders Thomas W. Kuyper Liesje Mommer Guusje Bonnema
author_sort	Peter M. Bourke
title	Breeding Beyond Monoculture: Putting the “Intercrop” Into Crops
title_short	Breeding Beyond Monoculture: Putting the “Intercrop” Into Crops
title_full	Breeding Beyond Monoculture: Putting the “Intercrop” Into Crops
title_fullStr	Breeding Beyond Monoculture: Putting the “Intercrop” Into Crops
title_full_unstemmed	Breeding Beyond Monoculture: Putting the “Intercrop” Into Crops
title_sort	breeding beyond monoculture: putting the “intercrop” into crops
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e201fbebf1314f4d9b97c961b22d20a2
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Breeding Beyond Monoculture: Putting the “Intercrop” Into Crops

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