Nitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia by Atropine in Chicks

Abstract Myopia is the most common childhood refractive disorder. Atropine inhibits myopia progression, but its mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that myopia-prevention by atropine requires production of nitric oxide (NO). Form-deprivation myopia (FDM) was induced in week-old chicks by diffusers o...

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Autores principales:	Brittany J. Carr, William K. Stell
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2016
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e232e30a7756419996ec03c1285cd846
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e232e30a7756419996ec03c1285cd8462021-12-02T15:06:06ZNitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia by Atropine in Chicks10.1038/s41598-016-0002-72045-2322https://doaj.org/article/e232e30a7756419996ec03c1285cd8462016-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-016-0002-7https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Myopia is the most common childhood refractive disorder. Atropine inhibits myopia progression, but its mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that myopia-prevention by atropine requires production of nitric oxide (NO). Form-deprivation myopia (FDM) was induced in week-old chicks by diffusers over the right eye (OD); the left eye (OS) remained ungoggled. On post-goggling days 1, 3, and 5, OD received intravitreally 20 µL of phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle), or vehicle plus: NO source: L-arginine (L-Arg, 60–6,000 nmol) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10–1,000 nmol); atropine (240 nmol); NO inhibitors: L-NIO or L-NMMA (6 nmol); negative controls: D-Arg (10 µmol) or D-NMMA (6 nmol); or atropine plus L-NIO, L-NMMA, or D-NMMA; OS received vehicle. On day 6 post-goggling, refractive error, axial length, equatorial diameter, and wet weight were measured. Vehicle-injected goggled eyes developed significant FDM. This was inhibited by L-Arg (ED50 = 400 nmol) or SNP (ED50 = 20 nmol), but not D-Arg. Higher-dose SNP, but not L-Arg, was toxic to retina/RPE. Atropine inhibited FDM as expected; adding NOS-inhibitors (L-NIO, L-NMMA) to atropine inhibited this effect dose-dependently, but adding D-NMMA did not. Equatorial diameter, wet weight, and metrics of control eyes were not affected by any treatment. In summary, intraocular NO inhibits myopia dose-dependently and is obligatory for inhibition of myopia by atropine.Brittany J. CarrWilliam K. StellNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2016)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Brittany J. Carr William K. Stell Nitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia by Atropine in Chicks
description	Abstract Myopia is the most common childhood refractive disorder. Atropine inhibits myopia progression, but its mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that myopia-prevention by atropine requires production of nitric oxide (NO). Form-deprivation myopia (FDM) was induced in week-old chicks by diffusers over the right eye (OD); the left eye (OS) remained ungoggled. On post-goggling days 1, 3, and 5, OD received intravitreally 20 µL of phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle), or vehicle plus: NO source: L-arginine (L-Arg, 60–6,000 nmol) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10–1,000 nmol); atropine (240 nmol); NO inhibitors: L-NIO or L-NMMA (6 nmol); negative controls: D-Arg (10 µmol) or D-NMMA (6 nmol); or atropine plus L-NIO, L-NMMA, or D-NMMA; OS received vehicle. On day 6 post-goggling, refractive error, axial length, equatorial diameter, and wet weight were measured. Vehicle-injected goggled eyes developed significant FDM. This was inhibited by L-Arg (ED50 = 400 nmol) or SNP (ED50 = 20 nmol), but not D-Arg. Higher-dose SNP, but not L-Arg, was toxic to retina/RPE. Atropine inhibited FDM as expected; adding NOS-inhibitors (L-NIO, L-NMMA) to atropine inhibited this effect dose-dependently, but adding D-NMMA did not. Equatorial diameter, wet weight, and metrics of control eyes were not affected by any treatment. In summary, intraocular NO inhibits myopia dose-dependently and is obligatory for inhibition of myopia by atropine.
format	article
author	Brittany J. Carr William K. Stell
author_facet	Brittany J. Carr William K. Stell
author_sort	Brittany J. Carr
title	Nitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia by Atropine in Chicks
title_short	Nitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia by Atropine in Chicks
title_full	Nitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia by Atropine in Chicks
title_fullStr	Nitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia by Atropine in Chicks
title_full_unstemmed	Nitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia by Atropine in Chicks
title_sort	nitric oxide (no) mediates the inhibition of form-deprivation myopia by atropine in chicks
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2016
url	https://doaj.org/article/e232e30a7756419996ec03c1285cd846
work_keys_str_mv	AT brittanyjcarr nitricoxidenomediatestheinhibitionofformdeprivationmyopiabyatropineinchicks AT williamkstell nitricoxidenomediatestheinhibitionofformdeprivationmyopiabyatropineinchicks
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Nitric Oxide (NO) Mediates the Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia by Atropine in Chicks

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