FIB-FESEM and EMPA results on Antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes

Abstract A set of ancient Antoninianus silver coins, dating back between 249 and 274 A.D. and minted in Rome, Galliae, Orient and Ticinum, have been characterized. We use, for the first time, a combination of nano-invasive (focused ion beam-field emission scanning electron microscopy-X-ray microanal...

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Autores principales:	María Teresa Doménech-Carbó, Francesca Di Turo, Noemí Montoya, Fiorenzo Catalli, Antonio Doménech-Carbó, Caterina De Vito
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2018
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e24c6d9ee85c4e8488e2b835f1e9b102
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e24c6d9ee85c4e8488e2b835f1e9b1022021-12-02T15:08:25ZFIB-FESEM and EMPA results on Antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes10.1038/s41598-018-28990-x2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/e24c6d9ee85c4e8488e2b835f1e9b1022018-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28990-xhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract A set of ancient Antoninianus silver coins, dating back between 249 and 274 A.D. and minted in Rome, Galliae, Orient and Ticinum, have been characterized. We use, for the first time, a combination of nano-invasive (focused ion beam-field emission scanning electron microscopy-X-ray microanalysis (FIB-FESEM-EDX), voltammetry of microparticles (VIMP)) and destructive techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA)) along with non-invasive, i.e., micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that, contrary to the extended belief, a complex Ag-Cu-Pb-Sn alloy was used. The use of alloys was common in the flourishing years of the Roman Empire. In the prosperous periods, Romans produced Ag-Cu alloys with relatively high silver content for the manufacture of both the external layers and inner nucleus of coins. This study also revealed that, although surface silvering processes were applied in different periods of crisis under the reign of Antoninii, even during crisis, Romans produced Antoninianus of high quality. Moreover, a first attempt to improve the silvering procedure using Hg-Ag amalgam has been identified.María Teresa Doménech-CarbóFrancesca Di TuroNoemí MontoyaFiorenzo CatalliAntonio Doménech-CarbóCaterina De VitoNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q María Teresa Doménech-Carbó Francesca Di Turo Noemí Montoya Fiorenzo Catalli Antonio Doménech-Carbó Caterina De Vito FIB-FESEM and EMPA results on Antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes
description	Abstract A set of ancient Antoninianus silver coins, dating back between 249 and 274 A.D. and minted in Rome, Galliae, Orient and Ticinum, have been characterized. We use, for the first time, a combination of nano-invasive (focused ion beam-field emission scanning electron microscopy-X-ray microanalysis (FIB-FESEM-EDX), voltammetry of microparticles (VIMP)) and destructive techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA)) along with non-invasive, i.e., micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that, contrary to the extended belief, a complex Ag-Cu-Pb-Sn alloy was used. The use of alloys was common in the flourishing years of the Roman Empire. In the prosperous periods, Romans produced Ag-Cu alloys with relatively high silver content for the manufacture of both the external layers and inner nucleus of coins. This study also revealed that, although surface silvering processes were applied in different periods of crisis under the reign of Antoninii, even during crisis, Romans produced Antoninianus of high quality. Moreover, a first attempt to improve the silvering procedure using Hg-Ag amalgam has been identified.
format	article
author	María Teresa Doménech-Carbó Francesca Di Turo Noemí Montoya Fiorenzo Catalli Antonio Doménech-Carbó Caterina De Vito
author_facet	María Teresa Doménech-Carbó Francesca Di Turo Noemí Montoya Fiorenzo Catalli Antonio Doménech-Carbó Caterina De Vito
author_sort	María Teresa Doménech-Carbó
title	FIB-FESEM and EMPA results on Antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes
title_short	FIB-FESEM and EMPA results on Antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes
title_full	FIB-FESEM and EMPA results on Antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes
title_fullStr	FIB-FESEM and EMPA results on Antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes
title_full_unstemmed	FIB-FESEM and EMPA results on Antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes
title_sort	fib-fesem and empa results on antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/e24c6d9ee85c4e8488e2b835f1e9b102
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FIB-FESEM and EMPA results on Antoninianus silver coins for manufacturing and corrosion processes

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