Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions

ORF virus (Poxviridae) is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (soremouth), a disease primarily affecting sheep and goats worldwide, but also humans exposed to disease-ridden animals. Pathogens are shed with scabs, and infection mainly occurs by direct contact. Although the disease is relativel...

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Autores principales:	Donato Antonio Raele, John G. Stoffolano, Jr., Ilaria Vasco, Germana Pennuzzi, Maria Concetta Nardella La Porta, Maria Assunta Cafiero
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	ORF virus (sore mouth) housefly crop regurgitation vectorial role Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e2fc5176bd0e4a44bb886a10a5d358b0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e2fc5176bd0e4a44bb886a10a5d358b02021-11-25T18:24:04ZStudy on the Role of the Common House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions10.3390/microorganisms91121852076-2607https://doaj.org/article/e2fc5176bd0e4a44bb886a10a5d358b02021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/11/2185https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2607ORF virus (Poxviridae) is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (soremouth), a disease primarily affecting sheep and goats worldwide, but also humans exposed to disease-ridden animals. Pathogens are shed with scabs, and infection mainly occurs by direct contact. Although the disease is relatively benign and self-limiting, the morbidity rate is high in livestock with subsequent significant financial and economic impact. The aim of the study was to experimentally investigate the potential for the housefly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, to act as a mechanical vector of the virus. Homogenate of crusted scabs from ORFV-positive sheep (Italy, Apulia) were used to infect laboratory-reared flies. Flies walking on viral mixture and flies inoculated on their wings were individually placed in Falcon tubes and the ORFV DNA was searched by PCR on tube walls; flies were fed on the same homogenized crusts and their crop and spots (vomit and feces) molecularly examined for ORF DNA at 2, 4, and 6 h. All of the flies (100%) used in the experiments were able to pick up and transmit the viral genome to contact surfaces; 60% were found ORF virus (DNA)-positive in both spots and crop. These results suggest that <i>M. domestica</i> could play a role as potential mechanical vector and/or reservoir in the epidemiology of the ORF virus infection. Thus, house fly management should be considered in the measures to control the disease in ovine–caprine farms.Donato Antonio RaeleJohn G. Stoffolano, Jr.Ilaria VascoGermana PennuzziMaria Concetta Nardella La PortaMaria Assunta CafieroMDPI AGarticleORF virus (sore mouth)houseflycropregurgitationvectorial roleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENMicroorganisms, Vol 9, Iss 2185, p 2185 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	ORF virus (sore mouth) housefly crop regurgitation vectorial role Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	ORF virus (sore mouth) housefly crop regurgitation vectorial role Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Donato Antonio Raele John G. Stoffolano, Jr. Ilaria Vasco Germana Pennuzzi Maria Concetta Nardella La Porta Maria Assunta Cafiero Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions
description	ORF virus (Poxviridae) is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (soremouth), a disease primarily affecting sheep and goats worldwide, but also humans exposed to disease-ridden animals. Pathogens are shed with scabs, and infection mainly occurs by direct contact. Although the disease is relatively benign and self-limiting, the morbidity rate is high in livestock with subsequent significant financial and economic impact. The aim of the study was to experimentally investigate the potential for the housefly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, to act as a mechanical vector of the virus. Homogenate of crusted scabs from ORFV-positive sheep (Italy, Apulia) were used to infect laboratory-reared flies. Flies walking on viral mixture and flies inoculated on their wings were individually placed in Falcon tubes and the ORFV DNA was searched by PCR on tube walls; flies were fed on the same homogenized crusts and their crop and spots (vomit and feces) molecularly examined for ORF DNA at 2, 4, and 6 h. All of the flies (100%) used in the experiments were able to pick up and transmit the viral genome to contact surfaces; 60% were found ORF virus (DNA)-positive in both spots and crop. These results suggest that <i>M. domestica</i> could play a role as potential mechanical vector and/or reservoir in the epidemiology of the ORF virus infection. Thus, house fly management should be considered in the measures to control the disease in ovine–caprine farms.
format	article
author	Donato Antonio Raele John G. Stoffolano, Jr. Ilaria Vasco Germana Pennuzzi Maria Concetta Nardella La Porta Maria Assunta Cafiero
author_facet	Donato Antonio Raele John G. Stoffolano, Jr. Ilaria Vasco Germana Pennuzzi Maria Concetta Nardella La Porta Maria Assunta Cafiero
author_sort	Donato Antonio Raele
title	Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions
title_short	Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions
title_full	Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions
title_fullStr	Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions
title_full_unstemmed	Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions
title_sort	study on the role of the common house fly, <i>musca domestica</i>, in the spread of orf virus (poxviridae) dna under laboratory conditions
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e2fc5176bd0e4a44bb886a10a5d358b0
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Study on the Role of the Common House Fly, <i>Musca domestica</i>, in the Spread of ORF Virus (Poxviridae) DNA under Laboratory Conditions

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