Apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis.

<h4>Introduction</h4>Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease characterized by altered cutaneous immunity in which patients often exhibit lower skin microbiota diversity compared to healthy skin and are prone to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. Apple cider vinegar has been shown...

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Autores principales:	Lydia A Luu, Richard H Flowers, Yingnan Gao, Martin Wu, Sofia Gasperino, Ann L Kellams, DeVon C Preston, Barrett J Zlotoff, Julia A Wisniewski, Steven L Zeichner
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e3087606f7ed44dab2e86aad795cb4fd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e3087606f7ed44dab2e86aad795cb4fd2021-12-02T20:05:23ZApple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0252272https://doaj.org/article/e3087606f7ed44dab2e86aad795cb4fd2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252272https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Introduction</h4>Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease characterized by altered cutaneous immunity in which patients often exhibit lower skin microbiota diversity compared to healthy skin and are prone to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. Apple cider vinegar has been shown to have antibacterial effects; however, its effects on the skin microbiome have not previously been well-described.<h4>Objectives</h4>We aimed to examine the effects of topical dilute apple cider vinegar soaks on Staphylococcus aureus abundance, skin bacterial microbiome composition, and skin bacterial microbiome diversity in atopic dermatitis participants compared to healthy skin.<h4>Methods</h4>Eleven subjects with atopic dermatitis and 11 healthy controls were enrolled in this randomized, non-blinded, single-institution, split-arm pilot study. Subjects soaked one forearm in dilute apple cider vinegar (0.5% acetic acid) and the other forearm in tap water for 10 minutes daily. Skin bacteria samples were collected from subjects' volar forearms before and after 14 days of treatment. 16S sequencing was used to analyze Staphylococcus aureus abundance and skin bacterial microbiome composition, and alpha diversity of microbiota were determined using Shannon diversity index.<h4>Results</h4>There was no difference in skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis subjects after 2 weeks of daily water or apple cider vinegar treatments (p = 0.056 and p = 0.22, respectively), or in mean abundance of S. aureus on apple cider vinegar-treated forearms (p = 0.60). At 2 weeks, the skin bacterial microbiomes of healthy control subjects were not significantly different from the skin bacterial microbiome of atopic dermatitis subjects (p = 0.14, 0.21, 0.12, and 0.05).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our results suggest that daily soaks in 0.5% apple cider vinegar are not an effective method of altering the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis. Further studies are needed to explore the effects of different concentrations of apple cider vinegar on skin microflora and disease severity.<h4>Trial number</h4>UVA IRB-HSR #19906.Lydia A LuuRichard H FlowersYingnan GaoMartin WuSofia GasperinoAnn L KellamsDeVon C PrestonBarrett J ZlotoffJulia A WisniewskiSteven L ZeichnerPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 6, p e0252272 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Lydia A Luu Richard H Flowers Yingnan Gao Martin Wu Sofia Gasperino Ann L Kellams DeVon C Preston Barrett J Zlotoff Julia A Wisniewski Steven L Zeichner Apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis.
description	<h4>Introduction</h4>Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease characterized by altered cutaneous immunity in which patients often exhibit lower skin microbiota diversity compared to healthy skin and are prone to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. Apple cider vinegar has been shown to have antibacterial effects; however, its effects on the skin microbiome have not previously been well-described.<h4>Objectives</h4>We aimed to examine the effects of topical dilute apple cider vinegar soaks on Staphylococcus aureus abundance, skin bacterial microbiome composition, and skin bacterial microbiome diversity in atopic dermatitis participants compared to healthy skin.<h4>Methods</h4>Eleven subjects with atopic dermatitis and 11 healthy controls were enrolled in this randomized, non-blinded, single-institution, split-arm pilot study. Subjects soaked one forearm in dilute apple cider vinegar (0.5% acetic acid) and the other forearm in tap water for 10 minutes daily. Skin bacteria samples were collected from subjects' volar forearms before and after 14 days of treatment. 16S sequencing was used to analyze Staphylococcus aureus abundance and skin bacterial microbiome composition, and alpha diversity of microbiota were determined using Shannon diversity index.<h4>Results</h4>There was no difference in skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis subjects after 2 weeks of daily water or apple cider vinegar treatments (p = 0.056 and p = 0.22, respectively), or in mean abundance of S. aureus on apple cider vinegar-treated forearms (p = 0.60). At 2 weeks, the skin bacterial microbiomes of healthy control subjects were not significantly different from the skin bacterial microbiome of atopic dermatitis subjects (p = 0.14, 0.21, 0.12, and 0.05).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our results suggest that daily soaks in 0.5% apple cider vinegar are not an effective method of altering the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis. Further studies are needed to explore the effects of different concentrations of apple cider vinegar on skin microflora and disease severity.<h4>Trial number</h4>UVA IRB-HSR #19906.
format	article
author	Lydia A Luu Richard H Flowers Yingnan Gao Martin Wu Sofia Gasperino Ann L Kellams DeVon C Preston Barrett J Zlotoff Julia A Wisniewski Steven L Zeichner
author_facet	Lydia A Luu Richard H Flowers Yingnan Gao Martin Wu Sofia Gasperino Ann L Kellams DeVon C Preston Barrett J Zlotoff Julia A Wisniewski Steven L Zeichner
author_sort	Lydia A Luu
title	Apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis.
title_short	Apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis.
title_full	Apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis.
title_fullStr	Apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis.
title_full_unstemmed	Apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis.
title_sort	apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e3087606f7ed44dab2e86aad795cb4fd
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Apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis.

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