The Effect of Breathing Patterns Common to Competitive Swimming on Gas Exchange and Muscle Deoxygenation During Heavy-Intensity Fartlek Exercise

During competitive freestyle swimming, the change of direction requires a turn followed by ∼15 m of underwater kicking at various intensities that require a ∼5 s breath-hold (BH). Upon surfacing, breathing must be regulated, as head rotation is necessary to facilitate the breath while completing the...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Kevin J. Grossman, David J. Lim, Juan M. Murias, Glen R. Belfry
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	apnea regulated breathing gas exchange muscle deoxygenation swimming front crawl Physiology QP1-981
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e33ed144884b4a45b023f19299fdd55e
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:e33ed144884b4a45b023f19299fdd55e
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e33ed144884b4a45b023f19299fdd55e2021-11-30T18:36:41ZThe Effect of Breathing Patterns Common to Competitive Swimming on Gas Exchange and Muscle Deoxygenation During Heavy-Intensity Fartlek Exercise1664-042X10.3389/fphys.2021.723951https://doaj.org/article/e33ed144884b4a45b023f19299fdd55e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.723951/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-042XDuring competitive freestyle swimming, the change of direction requires a turn followed by ∼15 m of underwater kicking at various intensities that require a ∼5 s breath-hold (BH). Upon surfacing, breathing must be regulated, as head rotation is necessary to facilitate the breath while completing the length of the pool (∼25 s). This study compared the respiratory and muscle deoxygenation responses of regulated breathing vs. free breathing, during these 25–5 s cycles. It was hypothesized that with the addition of a BH and sprint during heavy-intensity (HVY) exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2) and oxygen saturation (SatO2) would decrease, and muscle deoxygenation ([HHb]) and total hemoglobin ([Hbtot]) would increase. Ten healthy male participants (24 ± 3 years) performed 4–6 min trials of HVY cycling in the following conditions: (1) continuous free breathing (CONLD); (2) continuous with 5 s BH every 25 s (CONLD-BH); (3) Fartlek (FLK), a 5 s sprint followed by 25 s of HVY; and (4) a combined Fartlek and BH (FLK-BH). Continuous collection of VO2 and SatO2, [Hbtot], and [HHb] via breath-by-breath gas analysis and near-infrared spectroscopy (normalized to baseline) was performed. Breathing frequency and tidal volumes were matched between CONLD and CONLD-BH and between FLK and FLK-BH. As a result, VO2 was unchanged between CONLD (2.12 ± 0.35 L/min) and CONLD-BH (2.15 ± 0.42 L/min; p = 0.116) and between FLK (2.24 ± 0.40 L/min) and FLK-BH (2.20 ± 0.45 L/min; p = 0.861). SatO2 was higher in CONLD (63 ± 1.9%) than CONLD-BH (59 ± 3.3%; p < 0.001), but was unchanged between FLK (61 ± 2.2%) and FLK-BH (62 ± 3.1%; p = 0.462). Δ[Hbtot] is higher in CONLD (3.3 ± 1.6 μM) than CONLD-BH (-2.5 ± 1.2 μM; Δ177%; p < 0.001), but was unchanged between FLK (2.0 ± 1.6 μM) and FLK-BH (0.82 ± 1.4 μM; p = 0.979). Δ[HHb] was higher in CONLD (7.3 ± 1.8μM) than CONLD-BH (7.0 ± 2.0μM; Δ4%; p = 0.011) and lower in FLK (6.7 ± 1.8μM) compared to FLK-BH (8.7 ± 2.4 μM; p < 0.001). It is suggested that the unchanged VO2 between CONLD and CONLD-BH was supported by increased deoxygenation as reflected by decreased Δ[Hbtot] and blunted Δ[HHb], via apneic-driven redistribution of blood flow away from working muscles, which was reflected by the decreased SatO2. However, the preserved VO2 during FLK-BH vs. FLK has been underpinned by an increase in [HHb].Kevin J. GrossmanDavid J. LimJuan M. MuriasGlen R. BelfryFrontiers Media S.A.articleapnearegulated breathinggas exchangemuscle deoxygenationswimmingfront crawlPhysiologyQP1-981ENFrontiers in Physiology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	apnea regulated breathing gas exchange muscle deoxygenation swimming front crawl Physiology QP1-981
spellingShingle	apnea regulated breathing gas exchange muscle deoxygenation swimming front crawl Physiology QP1-981 Kevin J. Grossman David J. Lim Juan M. Murias Glen R. Belfry The Effect of Breathing Patterns Common to Competitive Swimming on Gas Exchange and Muscle Deoxygenation During Heavy-Intensity Fartlek Exercise
description	During competitive freestyle swimming, the change of direction requires a turn followed by ∼15 m of underwater kicking at various intensities that require a ∼5 s breath-hold (BH). Upon surfacing, breathing must be regulated, as head rotation is necessary to facilitate the breath while completing the length of the pool (∼25 s). This study compared the respiratory and muscle deoxygenation responses of regulated breathing vs. free breathing, during these 25–5 s cycles. It was hypothesized that with the addition of a BH and sprint during heavy-intensity (HVY) exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2) and oxygen saturation (SatO2) would decrease, and muscle deoxygenation ([HHb]) and total hemoglobin ([Hbtot]) would increase. Ten healthy male participants (24 ± 3 years) performed 4–6 min trials of HVY cycling in the following conditions: (1) continuous free breathing (CONLD); (2) continuous with 5 s BH every 25 s (CONLD-BH); (3) Fartlek (FLK), a 5 s sprint followed by 25 s of HVY; and (4) a combined Fartlek and BH (FLK-BH). Continuous collection of VO2 and SatO2, [Hbtot], and [HHb] via breath-by-breath gas analysis and near-infrared spectroscopy (normalized to baseline) was performed. Breathing frequency and tidal volumes were matched between CONLD and CONLD-BH and between FLK and FLK-BH. As a result, VO2 was unchanged between CONLD (2.12 ± 0.35 L/min) and CONLD-BH (2.15 ± 0.42 L/min; p = 0.116) and between FLK (2.24 ± 0.40 L/min) and FLK-BH (2.20 ± 0.45 L/min; p = 0.861). SatO2 was higher in CONLD (63 ± 1.9%) than CONLD-BH (59 ± 3.3%; p < 0.001), but was unchanged between FLK (61 ± 2.2%) and FLK-BH (62 ± 3.1%; p = 0.462). Δ[Hbtot] is higher in CONLD (3.3 ± 1.6 μM) than CONLD-BH (-2.5 ± 1.2 μM; Δ177%; p < 0.001), but was unchanged between FLK (2.0 ± 1.6 μM) and FLK-BH (0.82 ± 1.4 μM; p = 0.979). Δ[HHb] was higher in CONLD (7.3 ± 1.8μM) than CONLD-BH (7.0 ± 2.0μM; Δ4%; p = 0.011) and lower in FLK (6.7 ± 1.8μM) compared to FLK-BH (8.7 ± 2.4 μM; p < 0.001). It is suggested that the unchanged VO2 between CONLD and CONLD-BH was supported by increased deoxygenation as reflected by decreased Δ[Hbtot] and blunted Δ[HHb], via apneic-driven redistribution of blood flow away from working muscles, which was reflected by the decreased SatO2. However, the preserved VO2 during FLK-BH vs. FLK has been underpinned by an increase in [HHb].
format	article
author	Kevin J. Grossman David J. Lim Juan M. Murias Glen R. Belfry
author_facet	Kevin J. Grossman David J. Lim Juan M. Murias Glen R. Belfry
author_sort	Kevin J. Grossman
title	The Effect of Breathing Patterns Common to Competitive Swimming on Gas Exchange and Muscle Deoxygenation During Heavy-Intensity Fartlek Exercise
title_short	The Effect of Breathing Patterns Common to Competitive Swimming on Gas Exchange and Muscle Deoxygenation During Heavy-Intensity Fartlek Exercise
title_full	The Effect of Breathing Patterns Common to Competitive Swimming on Gas Exchange and Muscle Deoxygenation During Heavy-Intensity Fartlek Exercise
title_fullStr	The Effect of Breathing Patterns Common to Competitive Swimming on Gas Exchange and Muscle Deoxygenation During Heavy-Intensity Fartlek Exercise
title_full_unstemmed	The Effect of Breathing Patterns Common to Competitive Swimming on Gas Exchange and Muscle Deoxygenation During Heavy-Intensity Fartlek Exercise
title_sort	effect of breathing patterns common to competitive swimming on gas exchange and muscle deoxygenation during heavy-intensity fartlek exercise
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e33ed144884b4a45b023f19299fdd55e
work_keys_str_mv	AT kevinjgrossman theeffectofbreathingpatternscommontocompetitiveswimmingongasexchangeandmuscledeoxygenationduringheavyintensityfartlekexercise AT davidjlim theeffectofbreathingpatternscommontocompetitiveswimmingongasexchangeandmuscledeoxygenationduringheavyintensityfartlekexercise AT juanmmurias theeffectofbreathingpatternscommontocompetitiveswimmingongasexchangeandmuscledeoxygenationduringheavyintensityfartlekexercise AT glenrbelfry theeffectofbreathingpatternscommontocompetitiveswimmingongasexchangeandmuscledeoxygenationduringheavyintensityfartlekexercise AT kevinjgrossman effectofbreathingpatternscommontocompetitiveswimmingongasexchangeandmuscledeoxygenationduringheavyintensityfartlekexercise AT davidjlim effectofbreathingpatternscommontocompetitiveswimmingongasexchangeandmuscledeoxygenationduringheavyintensityfartlekexercise AT juanmmurias effectofbreathingpatternscommontocompetitiveswimmingongasexchangeandmuscledeoxygenationduringheavyintensityfartlekexercise AT glenrbelfry effectofbreathingpatternscommontocompetitiveswimmingongasexchangeandmuscledeoxygenationduringheavyintensityfartlekexercise
_version_	1718406356889763840

The Effect of Breathing Patterns Common to Competitive Swimming on Gas Exchange and Muscle Deoxygenation During Heavy-Intensity Fartlek Exercise

Ejemplares similares