Antimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors

ABSTRACT Humans purposefully and inadvertently introduce antimicrobial chemicals into buildings, resulting in widespread compounds, including triclosan, triclocarban, and parabens, in indoor dust. Meanwhile, drug-resistant infections continue to increase, raising concerns that buildings function as...

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Autores principales:	Ashkaan K. Fahimipour, Sarah Ben Maamar, Alexander G. McFarland, Ryan A. Blaustein, Jing Chen, Adam J. Glawe, Jeff Kline, Jessica L. Green, Rolf U. Halden, Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, Curtis Huttenhower, Erica M. Hartmann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2018
Materias:	antibiotic resistance microbiome triclosan Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e37cc68048524abf88b55ec0e851cf40
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e37cc68048524abf88b55ec0e851cf402021-12-02T19:46:17ZAntimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors10.1128/mSystems.00200-182379-5077https://doaj.org/article/e37cc68048524abf88b55ec0e851cf402018-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSystems.00200-18https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5077ABSTRACT Humans purposefully and inadvertently introduce antimicrobial chemicals into buildings, resulting in widespread compounds, including triclosan, triclocarban, and parabens, in indoor dust. Meanwhile, drug-resistant infections continue to increase, raising concerns that buildings function as reservoirs of, or even select for, resistant microorganisms. Support for these hypotheses is limited largely since data describing relationships between antimicrobials and indoor microbial communities are scant. We combined liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry with metagenomic shotgun sequencing of dust collected from athletic facilities to characterize relationships between indoor antimicrobial chemicals and microbial communities. Elevated levels of triclosan and triclocarban, but not parabens, were associated with distinct indoor microbiomes. Dust of high triclosan content contained increased Gram-positive species with diverse drug resistance capabilities, whose pangenomes were enriched for genes encoding osmotic stress responses, efflux pump regulation, lipid metabolism, and material transport across cell membranes; such triclosan-associated functional shifts have been documented in laboratory cultures but not yet from buildings. Antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates were cultured from all but one facility, and resistance often increased in buildings with very high triclosan levels, suggesting links between human encounters with viable drug-resistant bacteria and local biocide conditions. This characterization uncovers complex relationships between antimicrobials and indoor microbiomes: some chemicals elicit effects, whereas others may not, and no single functional or resistance factor explained chemical-microbe associations. These results suggest that anthropogenic chemicals impact microbial systems in or around buildings and their occupants, highlighting an emergent need to identify the most important indoor, outdoor, and host-associated sources of antimicrobial chemical-resistome interactions. IMPORTANCE The ubiquitous use of antimicrobial chemicals may have undesired consequences, particularly on microbes in buildings. This study shows that the taxonomy and function of microbes in indoor dust are strongly associated with antimicrobial chemicals—more so than any other feature of the buildings. Moreover, we identified links between antimicrobial chemical concentrations in dust and culturable bacteria that are cross-resistant to three clinically relevant antibiotics. These findings suggest that humans may be influencing the microbial species and genes that are found indoors through the addition and removal of particular antimicrobial chemicals. Author Video: An author video summary of this article is available.Ashkaan K. FahimipourSarah Ben MaamarAlexander G. McFarlandRyan A. BlausteinJing ChenAdam J. GlaweJeff KlineJessica L. GreenRolf U. HaldenKevin Van Den WymelenbergCurtis HuttenhowerErica M. HartmannAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticleantibiotic resistancemicrobiometriclosanMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSystems, Vol 3, Iss 6 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antibiotic resistance microbiome triclosan Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	antibiotic resistance microbiome triclosan Microbiology QR1-502 Ashkaan K. Fahimipour Sarah Ben Maamar Alexander G. McFarland Ryan A. Blaustein Jing Chen Adam J. Glawe Jeff Kline Jessica L. Green Rolf U. Halden Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg Curtis Huttenhower Erica M. Hartmann Antimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors
description	ABSTRACT Humans purposefully and inadvertently introduce antimicrobial chemicals into buildings, resulting in widespread compounds, including triclosan, triclocarban, and parabens, in indoor dust. Meanwhile, drug-resistant infections continue to increase, raising concerns that buildings function as reservoirs of, or even select for, resistant microorganisms. Support for these hypotheses is limited largely since data describing relationships between antimicrobials and indoor microbial communities are scant. We combined liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry with metagenomic shotgun sequencing of dust collected from athletic facilities to characterize relationships between indoor antimicrobial chemicals and microbial communities. Elevated levels of triclosan and triclocarban, but not parabens, were associated with distinct indoor microbiomes. Dust of high triclosan content contained increased Gram-positive species with diverse drug resistance capabilities, whose pangenomes were enriched for genes encoding osmotic stress responses, efflux pump regulation, lipid metabolism, and material transport across cell membranes; such triclosan-associated functional shifts have been documented in laboratory cultures but not yet from buildings. Antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates were cultured from all but one facility, and resistance often increased in buildings with very high triclosan levels, suggesting links between human encounters with viable drug-resistant bacteria and local biocide conditions. This characterization uncovers complex relationships between antimicrobials and indoor microbiomes: some chemicals elicit effects, whereas others may not, and no single functional or resistance factor explained chemical-microbe associations. These results suggest that anthropogenic chemicals impact microbial systems in or around buildings and their occupants, highlighting an emergent need to identify the most important indoor, outdoor, and host-associated sources of antimicrobial chemical-resistome interactions. IMPORTANCE The ubiquitous use of antimicrobial chemicals may have undesired consequences, particularly on microbes in buildings. This study shows that the taxonomy and function of microbes in indoor dust are strongly associated with antimicrobial chemicals—more so than any other feature of the buildings. Moreover, we identified links between antimicrobial chemical concentrations in dust and culturable bacteria that are cross-resistant to three clinically relevant antibiotics. These findings suggest that humans may be influencing the microbial species and genes that are found indoors through the addition and removal of particular antimicrobial chemicals. Author Video: An author video summary of this article is available.
format	article
author	Ashkaan K. Fahimipour Sarah Ben Maamar Alexander G. McFarland Ryan A. Blaustein Jing Chen Adam J. Glawe Jeff Kline Jessica L. Green Rolf U. Halden Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg Curtis Huttenhower Erica M. Hartmann
author_facet	Ashkaan K. Fahimipour Sarah Ben Maamar Alexander G. McFarland Ryan A. Blaustein Jing Chen Adam J. Glawe Jeff Kline Jessica L. Green Rolf U. Halden Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg Curtis Huttenhower Erica M. Hartmann
author_sort	Ashkaan K. Fahimipour
title	Antimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors
title_short	Antimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors
title_full	Antimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors
title_fullStr	Antimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors
title_full_unstemmed	Antimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors
title_sort	antimicrobial chemicals associate with microbial function and antibiotic resistance indoors
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/e37cc68048524abf88b55ec0e851cf40
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Antimicrobial Chemicals Associate with Microbial Function and Antibiotic Resistance Indoors

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