Diffuse Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Ludaš Lake Special Nature Reserve and Palić Nature Park (Pannonian Basin)

Diffuse water pollution from agriculture (DWPA) is one of the major factors causing water pollution in Lakes Palić and Ludaš, the two largest shallow lakes of the Pannonian Basin in Serbia. These two lakes are protected under national and international law. On the basis of the number of strictly pro...

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Autores principales:	Milica Caković, Jelena Beloica, Snežana Belanović Simić, Predrag Miljković, Sara Lukić, Aleksandar Baumgertel, Fritz Schwaiger
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	diffuse pollution forest-steppe heavy metals pollution indices ecological risk protected area Plant ecology QK900-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e3de2c382e4b4eb591bbf80177962362
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e3de2c382e4b4eb591bbf801779623622021-11-25T17:37:31ZDiffuse Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Ludaš Lake Special Nature Reserve and Palić Nature Park (Pannonian Basin)10.3390/f121114611999-4907https://doaj.org/article/e3de2c382e4b4eb591bbf801779623622021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/11/1461https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4907Diffuse water pollution from agriculture (DWPA) is one of the major factors causing water pollution in Lakes Palić and Ludaš, the two largest shallow lakes of the Pannonian Basin in Serbia. These two lakes are protected under national and international law. On the basis of the number of strictly protected bird species, Ludaš Lake has been classified as a wetland of international importance since 1977 (Ramsar site 3YU002); in 2021, both lakes were nominated as potential Natura 2000 areas. Despite the degree of protection and ecological significance of the area, agricultural land prevails. By a process of land expropriation during 2019, the buffer zone began to expand around the lakes, which should lead to a reduction in pollution. One of the goals of buffer-zone development is to enhance and restore the ecological connectivity of the remaining forest-steppe habitats. During the expropriation process, soil was sampled to record areas with the highest pollution. This paper assesses the environmental risk caused by phosphorus, nitrogen, and the accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Mn, Cd, and Hg). For each heavy metal, the corresponding pollution indices (Igeo, PI, EF, Eri, RI, Nemerow) and soil contamination level were calculated. Pollution indices indicate the ecological risk under the influence of heavy metals in the following order: Cd > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cr > Hg. Results showed that concentrations of Cd exceeded the maximal permissible concentration in all examined soil samples, and high ecological risk areas were determined. High concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were detected, which could be as a result of intensive agricultural activity. Current conservation measures in this area have not provided adequate protection of the natural environment. Accordingly, existing measures must be controlled or new, more restrictive measures must be prescribed.Milica CakovićJelena BeloicaSnežana Belanović SimićPredrag MiljkovićSara LukićAleksandar BaumgertelFritz SchwaigerMDPI AGarticlediffuse pollutionforest-steppeheavy metalspollution indicesecological riskprotected areaPlant ecologyQK900-989ENForests, Vol 12, Iss 1461, p 1461 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	diffuse pollution forest-steppe heavy metals pollution indices ecological risk protected area Plant ecology QK900-989
spellingShingle	diffuse pollution forest-steppe heavy metals pollution indices ecological risk protected area Plant ecology QK900-989 Milica Caković Jelena Beloica Snežana Belanović Simić Predrag Miljković Sara Lukić Aleksandar Baumgertel Fritz Schwaiger Diffuse Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Ludaš Lake Special Nature Reserve and Palić Nature Park (Pannonian Basin)
description	Diffuse water pollution from agriculture (DWPA) is one of the major factors causing water pollution in Lakes Palić and Ludaš, the two largest shallow lakes of the Pannonian Basin in Serbia. These two lakes are protected under national and international law. On the basis of the number of strictly protected bird species, Ludaš Lake has been classified as a wetland of international importance since 1977 (Ramsar site 3YU002); in 2021, both lakes were nominated as potential Natura 2000 areas. Despite the degree of protection and ecological significance of the area, agricultural land prevails. By a process of land expropriation during 2019, the buffer zone began to expand around the lakes, which should lead to a reduction in pollution. One of the goals of buffer-zone development is to enhance and restore the ecological connectivity of the remaining forest-steppe habitats. During the expropriation process, soil was sampled to record areas with the highest pollution. This paper assesses the environmental risk caused by phosphorus, nitrogen, and the accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Mn, Cd, and Hg). For each heavy metal, the corresponding pollution indices (Igeo, PI, EF, Eri, RI, Nemerow) and soil contamination level were calculated. Pollution indices indicate the ecological risk under the influence of heavy metals in the following order: Cd > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cr > Hg. Results showed that concentrations of Cd exceeded the maximal permissible concentration in all examined soil samples, and high ecological risk areas were determined. High concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were detected, which could be as a result of intensive agricultural activity. Current conservation measures in this area have not provided adequate protection of the natural environment. Accordingly, existing measures must be controlled or new, more restrictive measures must be prescribed.
format	article
author	Milica Caković Jelena Beloica Snežana Belanović Simić Predrag Miljković Sara Lukić Aleksandar Baumgertel Fritz Schwaiger
author_facet	Milica Caković Jelena Beloica Snežana Belanović Simić Predrag Miljković Sara Lukić Aleksandar Baumgertel Fritz Schwaiger
author_sort	Milica Caković
title	Diffuse Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Ludaš Lake Special Nature Reserve and Palić Nature Park (Pannonian Basin)
title_short	Diffuse Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Ludaš Lake Special Nature Reserve and Palić Nature Park (Pannonian Basin)
title_full	Diffuse Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Ludaš Lake Special Nature Reserve and Palić Nature Park (Pannonian Basin)
title_fullStr	Diffuse Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Ludaš Lake Special Nature Reserve and Palić Nature Park (Pannonian Basin)
title_full_unstemmed	Diffuse Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Ludaš Lake Special Nature Reserve and Palić Nature Park (Pannonian Basin)
title_sort	diffuse pollution and ecological risk assessment in ludaš lake special nature reserve and palić nature park (pannonian basin)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e3de2c382e4b4eb591bbf80177962362
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Diffuse Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment in Ludaš Lake Special Nature Reserve and Palić Nature Park (Pannonian Basin)

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