Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts

Background and Aim: Many plants contain bioactive substances with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cocos nucifera shell liquid smoke (CSL), clove leaf extract (CLE), and mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) alone...

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Autores principales:	Tiurma Pasaribu, Arnold P. Sinurat, Elizabeth Wina, Triwardhani Cahyaningsih
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Veterinary World 2021
Materias:	antibacterial antifungal cocos nucifera extract garcinia mangostana phyllanthus niruri l. syzygium aromaticum Animal culture SF1-1100 Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e4402ac96be64ca3b1716c9601d6d5d3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e4402ac96be64ca3b1716c9601d6d5d32021-11-29T14:48:19ZEvaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts10.14202/vetworld.2021.3048-30550972-89882231-0916https://doaj.org/article/e4402ac96be64ca3b1716c9601d6d5d32021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/November-2021/27.pdfhttps://doaj.org/toc/0972-8988https://doaj.org/toc/2231-0916Background and Aim: Many plants contain bioactive substances with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cocos nucifera shell liquid smoke (CSL), clove leaf extract (CLE), and mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) alone and in combination against Escherichia coli and Candida utilis. The antioxidant activity, phenol, saponin, and tannin of CSL, CLE, MPE, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extract were also measured. Materials and Methods: The agar well-diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of CSL, methanolic MPE, and CLE and their combination CSL+MPE+CLE (COMBI) on bacteria E. coli and fungus (C. utilis). Antioxidant activity was measured by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method. Total phenol and total tannin were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and total saponin was measured by the vanillin-sulphate method. Results: The results indicated that phenolic and tannin levels were greater in MPE than in CLE, whereas the saponin content was higher in CLE compared with MPE. Undiluted (100%) MPE exhibited lower antibacterial activity (p<0.05) than chloramphenicol against E. coli, however, undiluted CLE and COMBI showed similar activity compared with chloramphenicol against E. coli. COMBI caused significantly (p<0.05) higher inhibition compared with virginiamycin against E. coli. CSL, MPE, and COMBI exhibited significantly lower antifungal activity (p<0.05) than that of ketoconazole against C. utilis. In contrast, CLE showed improved antifungal activity (p<0.05) compared with ketoconazole. Conclusion: Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract, and Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract, either alone or in combination, have the potential to be used as antibacterial and antifungal agents.Tiurma PasaribuArnold P. SinuratElizabeth WinaTriwardhani CahyaningsihVeterinary Worldarticleantibacterialantifungalcocos nuciferaextractgarcinia mangostanaphyllanthus niruri l.syzygium aromaticumAnimal cultureSF1-1100Veterinary medicineSF600-1100ENVeterinary World, Vol 14, Iss 11, Pp 3048-3055 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antibacterial antifungal cocos nucifera extract garcinia mangostana phyllanthus niruri l. syzygium aromaticum Animal culture SF1-1100 Veterinary medicine SF600-1100
spellingShingle	antibacterial antifungal cocos nucifera extract garcinia mangostana phyllanthus niruri l. syzygium aromaticum Animal culture SF1-1100 Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Tiurma Pasaribu Arnold P. Sinurat Elizabeth Wina Triwardhani Cahyaningsih Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts
description	Background and Aim: Many plants contain bioactive substances with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cocos nucifera shell liquid smoke (CSL), clove leaf extract (CLE), and mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) alone and in combination against Escherichia coli and Candida utilis. The antioxidant activity, phenol, saponin, and tannin of CSL, CLE, MPE, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extract were also measured. Materials and Methods: The agar well-diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of CSL, methanolic MPE, and CLE and their combination CSL+MPE+CLE (COMBI) on bacteria E. coli and fungus (C. utilis). Antioxidant activity was measured by the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method. Total phenol and total tannin were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and total saponin was measured by the vanillin-sulphate method. Results: The results indicated that phenolic and tannin levels were greater in MPE than in CLE, whereas the saponin content was higher in CLE compared with MPE. Undiluted (100%) MPE exhibited lower antibacterial activity (p<0.05) than chloramphenicol against E. coli, however, undiluted CLE and COMBI showed similar activity compared with chloramphenicol against E. coli. COMBI caused significantly (p<0.05) higher inhibition compared with virginiamycin against E. coli. CSL, MPE, and COMBI exhibited significantly lower antifungal activity (p<0.05) than that of ketoconazole against C. utilis. In contrast, CLE showed improved antifungal activity (p<0.05) compared with ketoconazole. Conclusion: Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract, and Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract, either alone or in combination, have the potential to be used as antibacterial and antifungal agents.
format	article
author	Tiurma Pasaribu Arnold P. Sinurat Elizabeth Wina Triwardhani Cahyaningsih
author_facet	Tiurma Pasaribu Arnold P. Sinurat Elizabeth Wina Triwardhani Cahyaningsih
author_sort	Tiurma Pasaribu
title	Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts
title_short	Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts
title_full	Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts
title_fullStr	Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts
title_sort	evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of cocos nucifera liquid smoke, garcinia mangostana pericarp, syzygium aromaticum leaf, and phyllanthus niruri l. extracts
publisher	Veterinary World
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e4402ac96be64ca3b1716c9601d6d5d3
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Evaluation of the phytochemical content, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Cocos nucifera liquid smoke, Garcinia mangostana pericarp, Syzygium aromaticum leaf, and Phyllanthus niruri L. extracts

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