Changes in Factors Regulating Serum Sodium Homeostasis During Two Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races of Different Distances: 69km vs. 121km

Overdrinking and non-osmotic arginine vasopressin release are the main risk factors for exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in ultra-marathon events. However, particularly during ultra-marathon running in mountainous regions, eccentric exercise and hypoxia, which have been shown to modulate infla...

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Autores principales:	Kai Schenk, Simon Rauch, Emily Procter, Katharina Grasegger, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Hannes Gatterer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	mountain running ultra-marathon dysnatremia dehydration exercise-associated hyponatremia hyperhydration Physiology QP1-981
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e4b935d6844c4475a04c68d7d7b9b4ed
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e4b935d6844c4475a04c68d7d7b9b4ed2021-11-18T09:14:53ZChanges in Factors Regulating Serum Sodium Homeostasis During Two Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races of Different Distances: 69km vs. 121km1664-042X10.3389/fphys.2021.764694https://doaj.org/article/e4b935d6844c4475a04c68d7d7b9b4ed2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.764694/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-042XOverdrinking and non-osmotic arginine vasopressin release are the main risk factors for exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in ultra-marathon events. However, particularly during ultra-marathon running in mountainous regions, eccentric exercise and hypoxia, which have been shown to modulate inflammation, hormones regulating fluid homeostasis (hypoxia), and oxidative stress, could contribute to serum sodium changes in a dose-dependent manner. To the best of our knowledge, the contribution of these factors, the extent of which depends on the duration and geographical location of the race, has not been well studied. Twelve male participants (11 finishers) of the short (69km, 4,260m elevation-gain) and 15 male participants (seven finishers) of the long (121km, 7,554m elevation-gain) single-stage Südtirol Ultra Sky-Race took part in this observational field study. Venous blood was drawn immediately before and after the race. Analyses included serum sodium concentration, copeptin (a stable marker for vasopressin), markers of inflammation, muscle damage and oxidative stress. Heart rate was measured during the race and race time was obtained from the race office. During the short and the long competition two and one finishers, respectively showed serum sodium concentrations >145mmol/L. During the long competition, one athlete showed serum sodium concentrations <135mmol/L. Only during the short competition percent changes in serum sodium concentrations of the finishers were related to percent changes in body mass (r=−0.812, p=0.002), total time (r=−0.608, p=0.047) and training impulse (TRIMP) (r=−0.653, p=0.030). Data show a curvilinear (quadratic) relationship between percent changes in serum sodium concentration and body mass with race time when including all runners (short, long, finishers and non-finishers). The observed prevalence of hypo- and hypernatremia is comparable to literature reports, as is the relationship between serum sodium changes and race time, race intensity and body mass changes of the finishers of the short race. The curvilinear relationship indicates that there might be a turning point of changes in serum sodium and body mass changes after a race time of approximately 20h. Since the turning point is represented mainly by non-finishers, regardless of race duration slight decrease in body mass and a slight increase in serum sodium concentration should be targeted to complete the race. Drinking to the dictate of thirst seems an adequate approach to achieve this goal.Kai SchenkKai SchenkSimon RauchSimon RauchEmily ProcterKatharina GraseggerSimona Mrakic-SpostaHannes GattererFrontiers Media S.A.articlemountain runningultra-marathondysnatremiadehydrationexercise-associated hyponatremiahyperhydrationPhysiologyQP1-981ENFrontiers in Physiology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	mountain running ultra-marathon dysnatremia dehydration exercise-associated hyponatremia hyperhydration Physiology QP1-981
spellingShingle	mountain running ultra-marathon dysnatremia dehydration exercise-associated hyponatremia hyperhydration Physiology QP1-981 Kai Schenk Kai Schenk Simon Rauch Simon Rauch Emily Procter Katharina Grasegger Simona Mrakic-Sposta Hannes Gatterer Changes in Factors Regulating Serum Sodium Homeostasis During Two Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races of Different Distances: 69km vs. 121km
description	Overdrinking and non-osmotic arginine vasopressin release are the main risk factors for exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in ultra-marathon events. However, particularly during ultra-marathon running in mountainous regions, eccentric exercise and hypoxia, which have been shown to modulate inflammation, hormones regulating fluid homeostasis (hypoxia), and oxidative stress, could contribute to serum sodium changes in a dose-dependent manner. To the best of our knowledge, the contribution of these factors, the extent of which depends on the duration and geographical location of the race, has not been well studied. Twelve male participants (11 finishers) of the short (69km, 4,260m elevation-gain) and 15 male participants (seven finishers) of the long (121km, 7,554m elevation-gain) single-stage Südtirol Ultra Sky-Race took part in this observational field study. Venous blood was drawn immediately before and after the race. Analyses included serum sodium concentration, copeptin (a stable marker for vasopressin), markers of inflammation, muscle damage and oxidative stress. Heart rate was measured during the race and race time was obtained from the race office. During the short and the long competition two and one finishers, respectively showed serum sodium concentrations >145mmol/L. During the long competition, one athlete showed serum sodium concentrations <135mmol/L. Only during the short competition percent changes in serum sodium concentrations of the finishers were related to percent changes in body mass (r=−0.812, p=0.002), total time (r=−0.608, p=0.047) and training impulse (TRIMP) (r=−0.653, p=0.030). Data show a curvilinear (quadratic) relationship between percent changes in serum sodium concentration and body mass with race time when including all runners (short, long, finishers and non-finishers). The observed prevalence of hypo- and hypernatremia is comparable to literature reports, as is the relationship between serum sodium changes and race time, race intensity and body mass changes of the finishers of the short race. The curvilinear relationship indicates that there might be a turning point of changes in serum sodium and body mass changes after a race time of approximately 20h. Since the turning point is represented mainly by non-finishers, regardless of race duration slight decrease in body mass and a slight increase in serum sodium concentration should be targeted to complete the race. Drinking to the dictate of thirst seems an adequate approach to achieve this goal.
format	article
author	Kai Schenk Kai Schenk Simon Rauch Simon Rauch Emily Procter Katharina Grasegger Simona Mrakic-Sposta Hannes Gatterer
author_facet	Kai Schenk Kai Schenk Simon Rauch Simon Rauch Emily Procter Katharina Grasegger Simona Mrakic-Sposta Hannes Gatterer
author_sort	Kai Schenk
title	Changes in Factors Regulating Serum Sodium Homeostasis During Two Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races of Different Distances: 69km vs. 121km
title_short	Changes in Factors Regulating Serum Sodium Homeostasis During Two Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races of Different Distances: 69km vs. 121km
title_full	Changes in Factors Regulating Serum Sodium Homeostasis During Two Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races of Different Distances: 69km vs. 121km
title_fullStr	Changes in Factors Regulating Serum Sodium Homeostasis During Two Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races of Different Distances: 69km vs. 121km
title_full_unstemmed	Changes in Factors Regulating Serum Sodium Homeostasis During Two Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races of Different Distances: 69km vs. 121km
title_sort	changes in factors regulating serum sodium homeostasis during two ultra-endurance mountain races of different distances: 69km vs. 121km
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e4b935d6844c4475a04c68d7d7b9b4ed
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Changes in Factors Regulating Serum Sodium Homeostasis During Two Ultra-Endurance Mountain Races of Different Distances: 69km vs. 121km

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