Synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect.

Raphides, needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals in tissues of many plants, have been thought to play defensive roles against herbivores without detailed bioassays for their defensive roles and modes of function using purified raphides. In order to examine the defensive roles and modes of function o...

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Autores principales:	Kotaro Konno, Takashi A Inoue, Masatoshi Nakamura
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e5acdb037a3f4083a17690c4521dd73c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e5acdb037a3f4083a17690c4521dd73c2021-11-18T08:28:30ZSynergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0091341https://doaj.org/article/e5acdb037a3f4083a17690c4521dd73c2014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24621613/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Raphides, needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals in tissues of many plants, have been thought to play defensive roles against herbivores without detailed bioassays for their defensive roles and modes of function using purified raphides. In order to examine the defensive roles and modes of function of raphides in a clear experimental system, we performed bioassays giving the larvae of the Eri silkmoth, Samia ricini (Saturniidae), leaves of their host plant, the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), painted with the raphides purified from kiwifruits, Actinidia deliciosa (Actinidiaceae), in presence or absence of cysteine protease, which often coincide with raphides in plant tissues. Raphides alone or cysteine protease alone showed only weak defensive activities around experimental concentrations. However, when raphides and cysteine protease coexisted, they synergistically showed very strong growth-reducing activities, and the mortality of caterpillars was very high. In contrast, amorphous calcium oxalate did not show synergism with cysteine protease on defensive activities, indicating that the needle-shape of raphides is essential for the synergism. The present study provides the first clear experimental evidence for the synergism between raphides and other defensive factors. Further, the study suggests that "the needle effect", which intensify the bioactivities of other bioactive factors by making holes to the barriers (cell membrane, cuticle, epithelium, the nuclear membrane, etc.) and facilitate the bioactive factors to go through them and reach the targets, is important in the defensive activities of raphides, and possibly in the allergy caused by raphides, and in the carcinogenic activities of other needle-shaped components including asbestos and plant derived silica needles.Kotaro KonnoTakashi A InoueMasatoshi NakamuraPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 3, p e91341 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Kotaro Konno Takashi A Inoue Masatoshi Nakamura Synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect.
description	Raphides, needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals in tissues of many plants, have been thought to play defensive roles against herbivores without detailed bioassays for their defensive roles and modes of function using purified raphides. In order to examine the defensive roles and modes of function of raphides in a clear experimental system, we performed bioassays giving the larvae of the Eri silkmoth, Samia ricini (Saturniidae), leaves of their host plant, the castor oil plant, Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), painted with the raphides purified from kiwifruits, Actinidia deliciosa (Actinidiaceae), in presence or absence of cysteine protease, which often coincide with raphides in plant tissues. Raphides alone or cysteine protease alone showed only weak defensive activities around experimental concentrations. However, when raphides and cysteine protease coexisted, they synergistically showed very strong growth-reducing activities, and the mortality of caterpillars was very high. In contrast, amorphous calcium oxalate did not show synergism with cysteine protease on defensive activities, indicating that the needle-shape of raphides is essential for the synergism. The present study provides the first clear experimental evidence for the synergism between raphides and other defensive factors. Further, the study suggests that "the needle effect", which intensify the bioactivities of other bioactive factors by making holes to the barriers (cell membrane, cuticle, epithelium, the nuclear membrane, etc.) and facilitate the bioactive factors to go through them and reach the targets, is important in the defensive activities of raphides, and possibly in the allergy caused by raphides, and in the carcinogenic activities of other needle-shaped components including asbestos and plant derived silica needles.
format	article
author	Kotaro Konno Takashi A Inoue Masatoshi Nakamura
author_facet	Kotaro Konno Takashi A Inoue Masatoshi Nakamura
author_sort	Kotaro Konno
title	Synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect.
title_short	Synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect.
title_full	Synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect.
title_fullStr	Synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect.
title_full_unstemmed	Synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect.
title_sort	synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/e5acdb037a3f4083a17690c4521dd73c
work_keys_str_mv	AT kotarokonno synergisticdefensivefunctionofraphidesandproteasethroughtheneedleeffect AT takashiainoue synergisticdefensivefunctionofraphidesandproteasethroughtheneedleeffect AT masatoshinakamura synergisticdefensivefunctionofraphidesandproteasethroughtheneedleeffect
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Synergistic defensive function of raphides and protease through the needle effect.

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