Surface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties.

Identifying the factors controlling the spatial variability of soil metal elements could be a challenge task due to the interaction of environmental attributes and human activities. This study aimed to investigate the critical explanatory variables controlling total Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mg, P...

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Autores principales:	Wei Wu, Yu Li, Mingshu Yan, Lechao Yang, Jiali Lei, Hong-Bin Liu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e5b5be1daa0f423a9b9bdd1e8a24ec31
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e5b5be1daa0f423a9b9bdd1e8a24ec312021-12-02T20:06:34ZSurface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0254928https://doaj.org/article/e5b5be1daa0f423a9b9bdd1e8a24ec312021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254928https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Identifying the factors controlling the spatial variability of soil metal elements could be a challenge task due to the interaction of environmental attributes and human activities. This study aimed to investigate the critical explanatory variables controlling total Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mg, Pb, and Zn variations in the arable topsoil using classical statistics, principal component analysis, and random forest techniques. The work was conducted in the core region of the Three Gorges Reservoir of China. The explanatory variables included soil, topography, climate, vegetation, land use type, and distance-related parameters. Average concentrations of the metal elements were in order of Fe > Mg > Ca > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cd. Soil Cr, Fe, and Pb showed low variability while others presented medium variability. Average concentrations of Cr, Fe, Cd, and Mg exceeded their corresponding background values. There were highly positive correlations between all metal elements except Pb, Cd and Cr. The principal component analysis further demonstrated that the sources of Pb, Cd, and Cr differed with other elements. The results of random forest suggested that soil properties followed by topography were critical parameters affecting the variations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Cu. Agricultural activities and soil properties were major factors controlling the variations of Pb, Cr, and Cd. Further study should be conducted to understand the relations between the metal elements and soil properties.Wei WuYu LiMingshu YanLechao YangJiali LeiHong-Bin LiuPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 7, p e0254928 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Wei Wu Yu Li Mingshu Yan Lechao Yang Jiali Lei Hong-Bin Liu Surface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties.
description	Identifying the factors controlling the spatial variability of soil metal elements could be a challenge task due to the interaction of environmental attributes and human activities. This study aimed to investigate the critical explanatory variables controlling total Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mg, Pb, and Zn variations in the arable topsoil using classical statistics, principal component analysis, and random forest techniques. The work was conducted in the core region of the Three Gorges Reservoir of China. The explanatory variables included soil, topography, climate, vegetation, land use type, and distance-related parameters. Average concentrations of the metal elements were in order of Fe > Mg > Ca > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cd. Soil Cr, Fe, and Pb showed low variability while others presented medium variability. Average concentrations of Cr, Fe, Cd, and Mg exceeded their corresponding background values. There were highly positive correlations between all metal elements except Pb, Cd and Cr. The principal component analysis further demonstrated that the sources of Pb, Cd, and Cr differed with other elements. The results of random forest suggested that soil properties followed by topography were critical parameters affecting the variations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Cu. Agricultural activities and soil properties were major factors controlling the variations of Pb, Cr, and Cd. Further study should be conducted to understand the relations between the metal elements and soil properties.
format	article
author	Wei Wu Yu Li Mingshu Yan Lechao Yang Jiali Lei Hong-Bin Liu
author_facet	Wei Wu Yu Li Mingshu Yan Lechao Yang Jiali Lei Hong-Bin Liu
author_sort	Wei Wu
title	Surface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties.
title_short	Surface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties.
title_full	Surface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties.
title_fullStr	Surface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties.
title_full_unstemmed	Surface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties.
title_sort	surface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e5b5be1daa0f423a9b9bdd1e8a24ec31
work_keys_str_mv	AT weiwu surfacesoilmetalelementsvariabilityaffectedbyenvironmentalandsoilproperties AT yuli surfacesoilmetalelementsvariabilityaffectedbyenvironmentalandsoilproperties AT mingshuyan surfacesoilmetalelementsvariabilityaffectedbyenvironmentalandsoilproperties AT lechaoyang surfacesoilmetalelementsvariabilityaffectedbyenvironmentalandsoilproperties AT jialilei surfacesoilmetalelementsvariabilityaffectedbyenvironmentalandsoilproperties AT hongbinliu surfacesoilmetalelementsvariabilityaffectedbyenvironmentalandsoilproperties
_version_	1718375394064728064

Surface soil metal elements variability affected by environmental and soil properties.

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