Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action

Abstract COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Several of them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. This enormous progress was achieved with fundamentally different vacc...

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Autores principales:	Franz X. Heinz, Karin Stiasny
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e60b64078e8042ed827d341f8a01890a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e60b64078e8042ed827d341f8a01890a2021-12-02T15:10:45ZDistinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action10.1038/s41541-021-00369-62059-0105https://doaj.org/article/e60b64078e8042ed827d341f8a01890a2021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00369-6https://doaj.org/toc/2059-0105Abstract COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Several of them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. This enormous progress was achieved with fundamentally different vaccine technologies used in parallel. mRNA, adenoviral vector as well as inactivated whole-virus vaccines are now in widespread use, and a subunit vaccine is in a final stage of authorization. They all rely on the native viral spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 for inducing potently neutralizing antibodies, but the presentation of this key antigen to the immune system differs substantially between the different categories of vaccines. In this article, we review the relevance of structural modifications of S in different vaccines and the different modes of antigen expression after vaccination with genetic adenovirus-vector and mRNA vaccines. Distinguishing characteristics and unknown features are highlighted in the context of protective antibody responses and reactogenicity of vaccines.Franz X. HeinzKarin StiasnyNature PortfolioarticleImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogensRC254-282ENnpj Vaccines, Vol 6, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282
spellingShingle	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282 Franz X. Heinz Karin Stiasny Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action
description	Abstract COVID-19 vaccines were developed with an unprecedented pace since the beginning of the pandemic. Several of them have reached market authorization and mass production, leading to their global application on a large scale. This enormous progress was achieved with fundamentally different vaccine technologies used in parallel. mRNA, adenoviral vector as well as inactivated whole-virus vaccines are now in widespread use, and a subunit vaccine is in a final stage of authorization. They all rely on the native viral spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 for inducing potently neutralizing antibodies, but the presentation of this key antigen to the immune system differs substantially between the different categories of vaccines. In this article, we review the relevance of structural modifications of S in different vaccines and the different modes of antigen expression after vaccination with genetic adenovirus-vector and mRNA vaccines. Distinguishing characteristics and unknown features are highlighted in the context of protective antibody responses and reactogenicity of vaccines.
format	article
author	Franz X. Heinz Karin Stiasny
author_facet	Franz X. Heinz Karin Stiasny
author_sort	Franz X. Heinz
title	Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action
title_short	Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action
title_full	Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action
title_fullStr	Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action
title_full_unstemmed	Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action
title_sort	distinguishing features of current covid-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e60b64078e8042ed827d341f8a01890a
work_keys_str_mv	AT franzxheinz distinguishingfeaturesofcurrentcovid19vaccinesknownsandunknownsofantigenpresentationandmodesofaction AT karinstiasny distinguishingfeaturesofcurrentcovid19vaccinesknownsandunknownsofantigenpresentationandmodesofaction
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Distinguishing features of current COVID-19 vaccines: knowns and unknowns of antigen presentation and modes of action

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