Malate Transport and Metabolism in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Nodules

Legumes form a symbiosis with rhizobia, a soil bacterium that allows them to access atmospheric nitrogen and deliver it to the plant for growth. Biological nitrogen fixation occurs in specialized organs, termed nodules, that develop on the legume root system and house nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacte...

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Autores principales:	Nicholas J. Booth, Penelope M. C. Smith, Sunita A. Ramesh, David A. Day
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	malate metabolism legume nodules nitrogen fixation Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e6434844fa704b549e1a9df6203806cb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e6434844fa704b549e1a9df6203806cb2021-11-25T18:28:01ZMalate Transport and Metabolism in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Nodules10.3390/molecules262268761420-3049https://doaj.org/article/e6434844fa704b549e1a9df6203806cb2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/22/6876https://doaj.org/toc/1420-3049Legumes form a symbiosis with rhizobia, a soil bacterium that allows them to access atmospheric nitrogen and deliver it to the plant for growth. Biological nitrogen fixation occurs in specialized organs, termed nodules, that develop on the legume root system and house nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteroids in organelle-like structures termed symbiosomes. The process is highly energetic and there is a large demand for carbon by the bacteroids. This carbon is supplied to the nodule as sucrose, which is broken down in nodule cells to organic acids, principally malate, that can then be assimilated by bacteroids. Sucrose may move through apoplastic and/or symplastic routes to the uninfected cells of the nodule or be directly metabolised at the site of import within the vascular parenchyma cells. Malate must be transported to the infected cells and then across the symbiosome membrane, where it is taken up by bacteroids through a well-characterized <i>dct</i> system. The dicarboxylate transporters on the infected cell and symbiosome membranes have been functionally characterized but remain unidentified. Proteomic and transcriptomic studies have revealed numerous candidates, but more work is required to characterize their function and localise the proteins in planta. GABA, which is present at high concentrations in nodules, may play a regulatory role, but this remains to be explored.Nicholas J. BoothPenelope M. C. SmithSunita A. RameshDavid A. DayMDPI AGarticlemalatemetabolismlegumenodulesnitrogen fixationOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENMolecules, Vol 26, Iss 6876, p 6876 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	malate metabolism legume nodules nitrogen fixation Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	malate metabolism legume nodules nitrogen fixation Organic chemistry QD241-441 Nicholas J. Booth Penelope M. C. Smith Sunita A. Ramesh David A. Day Malate Transport and Metabolism in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Nodules
description	Legumes form a symbiosis with rhizobia, a soil bacterium that allows them to access atmospheric nitrogen and deliver it to the plant for growth. Biological nitrogen fixation occurs in specialized organs, termed nodules, that develop on the legume root system and house nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteroids in organelle-like structures termed symbiosomes. The process is highly energetic and there is a large demand for carbon by the bacteroids. This carbon is supplied to the nodule as sucrose, which is broken down in nodule cells to organic acids, principally malate, that can then be assimilated by bacteroids. Sucrose may move through apoplastic and/or symplastic routes to the uninfected cells of the nodule or be directly metabolised at the site of import within the vascular parenchyma cells. Malate must be transported to the infected cells and then across the symbiosome membrane, where it is taken up by bacteroids through a well-characterized <i>dct</i> system. The dicarboxylate transporters on the infected cell and symbiosome membranes have been functionally characterized but remain unidentified. Proteomic and transcriptomic studies have revealed numerous candidates, but more work is required to characterize their function and localise the proteins in planta. GABA, which is present at high concentrations in nodules, may play a regulatory role, but this remains to be explored.
format	article
author	Nicholas J. Booth Penelope M. C. Smith Sunita A. Ramesh David A. Day
author_facet	Nicholas J. Booth Penelope M. C. Smith Sunita A. Ramesh David A. Day
author_sort	Nicholas J. Booth
title	Malate Transport and Metabolism in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Nodules
title_short	Malate Transport and Metabolism in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Nodules
title_full	Malate Transport and Metabolism in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Nodules
title_fullStr	Malate Transport and Metabolism in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Nodules
title_full_unstemmed	Malate Transport and Metabolism in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Nodules
title_sort	malate transport and metabolism in nitrogen-fixing legume nodules
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/e6434844fa704b549e1a9df6203806cb
work_keys_str_mv	AT nicholasjbooth malatetransportandmetabolisminnitrogenfixinglegumenodules AT penelopemcsmith malatetransportandmetabolisminnitrogenfixinglegumenodules AT sunitaaramesh malatetransportandmetabolisminnitrogenfixinglegumenodules AT davidaday malatetransportandmetabolisminnitrogenfixinglegumenodules
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Malate Transport and Metabolism in Nitrogen-Fixing Legume Nodules

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