COVID-19 and BCG vaccine: is there a link?

The spread of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) makes the search for new approaches to prevent the infection of great importance. As one of the relevant approaches, the vaccination of risk groups with BCG vaccine has recently been suggested. BCG (Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus Calmette–Guéri...

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Autores principales:	I. V. Lyadova, A. A. Starikov
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	RU
Publicado:	Sankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pastera 2020
Materias:	covid-19 bcg vaccine heterologous immunity trained immunity vaccination Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/e6e8e8017b284cbd98589f6bb2341c1b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:e6e8e8017b284cbd98589f6bb2341c1b2021-11-22T07:09:54ZCOVID-19 and BCG vaccine: is there a link?2220-76192313-739810.15789/2220-7619-CAB-1472https://doaj.org/article/e6e8e8017b284cbd98589f6bb2341c1b2020-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/1472https://doaj.org/toc/2220-7619https://doaj.org/toc/2313-7398The spread of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) makes the search for new approaches to prevent the infection of great importance. As one of the relevant approaches, the vaccination of risk groups with BCG vaccine has recently been suggested. BCG (Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin) is a live vaccine for tuberculosis, which is used in many countries with a high tuberculosis prevalence and helps preventing childhood tuberculosis, primarily, military disease and tuberculosis meningitis. Whether BCG may be used to increase the protection against COVID-19 is currently a question of debates. The review considers scientific background underlying possible impact of BCG in increased protection against COVID-19. BCG is able of inducing the heterologous and trained immunity, and its capacity to stimulate antiviral immune response has been demonstrated in experimental animals and humans. Our comparison of the dynamics of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in countries with different BCG vaccination policies has demonstrated a milder course of COVID-19 (i.e., a slower increase in disease cases and mortality) in countries where BCG vaccination is mandatory for all children. However, an association between BCG vaccination and a milder COVID-19 course is not obligatory direct. Other factors that may affect the association, such as the level of virus testing, the rigidity and the speed of quarantine implementation and others are discussed. An important argument against a role of BCG in the protection against COVID-19 is that BCG is given in childhood and may hardly induce long-lasting immunity. Because mandatory BCG vaccination is implemented in countries with high TB burden and because in these countries latent tuberculosis infection is widely spread, we suggest a hypothesis that latent tuberculosis infection may contribute to the maintenance of heterologous/trained antiviral immunity in countries with mandatory BCG vaccination. Four countries have recently initiated clinical trials to investigate whether BCG vaccination can increase the level of protection against COVID-19 in risk groups. The results of these studies, as well as COVID-19 epidemiological modeling will help understanding the impact of BCG in the level of the protection against COVID-19. Performing analogous clinical trials in Russia seems appropriate and scientifically sound.I. V. LyadovaA. A. StarikovSankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pasteraarticlecovid-19bcg vaccineheterologous immunitytrained immunityvaccinationInfectious and parasitic diseasesRC109-216RUInfekciâ i Immunitet, Vol 10, Iss 3, Pp 459-468 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	RU
topic	covid-19 bcg vaccine heterologous immunity trained immunity vaccination Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216
spellingShingle	covid-19 bcg vaccine heterologous immunity trained immunity vaccination Infectious and parasitic diseases RC109-216 I. V. Lyadova A. A. Starikov COVID-19 and BCG vaccine: is there a link?
description	The spread of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) makes the search for new approaches to prevent the infection of great importance. As one of the relevant approaches, the vaccination of risk groups with BCG vaccine has recently been suggested. BCG (Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin) is a live vaccine for tuberculosis, which is used in many countries with a high tuberculosis prevalence and helps preventing childhood tuberculosis, primarily, military disease and tuberculosis meningitis. Whether BCG may be used to increase the protection against COVID-19 is currently a question of debates. The review considers scientific background underlying possible impact of BCG in increased protection against COVID-19. BCG is able of inducing the heterologous and trained immunity, and its capacity to stimulate antiviral immune response has been demonstrated in experimental animals and humans. Our comparison of the dynamics of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in countries with different BCG vaccination policies has demonstrated a milder course of COVID-19 (i.e., a slower increase in disease cases and mortality) in countries where BCG vaccination is mandatory for all children. However, an association between BCG vaccination and a milder COVID-19 course is not obligatory direct. Other factors that may affect the association, such as the level of virus testing, the rigidity and the speed of quarantine implementation and others are discussed. An important argument against a role of BCG in the protection against COVID-19 is that BCG is given in childhood and may hardly induce long-lasting immunity. Because mandatory BCG vaccination is implemented in countries with high TB burden and because in these countries latent tuberculosis infection is widely spread, we suggest a hypothesis that latent tuberculosis infection may contribute to the maintenance of heterologous/trained antiviral immunity in countries with mandatory BCG vaccination. Four countries have recently initiated clinical trials to investigate whether BCG vaccination can increase the level of protection against COVID-19 in risk groups. The results of these studies, as well as COVID-19 epidemiological modeling will help understanding the impact of BCG in the level of the protection against COVID-19. Performing analogous clinical trials in Russia seems appropriate and scientifically sound.
format	article
author	I. V. Lyadova A. A. Starikov
author_facet	I. V. Lyadova A. A. Starikov
author_sort	I. V. Lyadova
title	COVID-19 and BCG vaccine: is there a link?
title_short	COVID-19 and BCG vaccine: is there a link?
title_full	COVID-19 and BCG vaccine: is there a link?
title_fullStr	COVID-19 and BCG vaccine: is there a link?
title_full_unstemmed	COVID-19 and BCG vaccine: is there a link?
title_sort	covid-19 and bcg vaccine: is there a link?
publisher	Sankt-Peterburg : NIIÈM imeni Pastera
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/e6e8e8017b284cbd98589f6bb2341c1b
work_keys_str_mv	AT ivlyadova covid19andbcgvaccineistherealink AT aastarikov covid19andbcgvaccineistherealink
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COVID-19 and BCG vaccine: is there a link?

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